An Exploration of Diagnosis Threat and Group Identification Following Concussion Injury

AbstractCognitive performance can be impacted by many non-neurological factors, including preexisting expectations. The phenomenon of stereotype threat, or reduced cognitive performance due to preexisting beliefs, can apply to individuals following neurological injury (i.e., “diagnosis threat”). We examined the effect of diagnosis threat on cognitive performance and symptom reporting following concussions while accounting for group identification (i.e., extent to which one's identity is tied to being concussed). We also examined gender stereotype threat (i.e., women and math ability) to understand how these two related threat effects compare. Participants with a history of concussion were randomly assigned to one of three instructional sets emphasizing concussion history or gender, or neutral instructions. Individuals without a history of concussion served as a comparison group. Results revealed an effect of diagnosis threat on cognitive performance after group identification was taken into account, but only in male participants. In contrast, an underlying gender stereotype threat was observed in females across conditions, which was counteracted in the gender stereotype condition (i.e., stereotype reactance effect) due to the type of threat cues used. Also, controls exhibited greater symptom reporting than individuals with a concussion. Our findings highlight the importance of considering non-neurological factors impacting cognitive performance. (JINS, 2013, 19, 1–9)

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Awareness level of gender stereotype and stereotype threat effect on ingroup favoritism bias in mixed-gender basketball teams.

Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement ◽

10.1037/cbs0000039 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 48 (2) ◽

pp. 155-161 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Raphaël Laurin

Keyword(s):

Stereotype Threat ◽

Gender Stereotype ◽

Threat Effect ◽

Mixed Gender ◽

Awareness Level ◽

Basketball Teams ◽

Ingroup Favoritism

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Setting yourself apart: The effects of stereotype threat on group disidentifcation for women and math

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e633982013-417 ◽

2007 ◽

Author(s):

Jill Coleman ◽

Virginia Harr

Keyword(s):

Stereotype Threat ◽

Women And Math

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STEREOTYPE THREAT AND STEREOTYPE LIFT: THE CASE OF 10 YEAR OLD GIRLS AND BOYS

Civitas et Lex ◽

10.31648/cetl.2339 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 21-32

Author(s):

Anna Kwiatkowska ◽

Małgorzata Mróz

Keyword(s):

Stereotype Threat ◽

Cognitive Performance ◽

Significant Interaction ◽

Self Esteem ◽

The Self ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Significant Interaction Effect ◽

Significant Drop ◽

Stereotype Lift ◽

And Performance

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of stereotypical and counter-stereotypicalinformation on the self-esteem and cognitive performance of 10-year-old children. Our sampleconsisted of 37 girls and 37 boys. Children were presented with 10 “mathematical” puzzles in threeexperimental conditions: stereotypical (boys are better), counter-stereotypical (girls are better), andthe control condition (no particular information). Self-esteem was measured using a non-verbaltask. The results showed a significant interaction effect of “condition x sex” on self-esteem andperformance. Girls revealed no significant differences between control and experimental conditions,while boys showed a significant drop in self-esteem and performance in the counter-stereotypicalcondition as compared to the control condition and a significant lift in self-esteem and performancein the stereotypical condition as compared to the control condition.

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Verbal threat learning does not spare loved ones

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-84921-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Cristina Morato ◽

Pedro Guerra ◽

Florian Bublatzky

Keyword(s):

Fear Learning ◽

Pain Experience ◽

Trauma Research ◽

Learning History ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Electric Shocks ◽

History Of ◽

Threat Cues ◽

Verbal Threat

AbstractSignificant others provide individuals with a sense of safety and security. However, the mechanisms that underlie attachment-induced safety are hardly understood. Recent research has shown beneficial effects when viewing pictures of the romantic partner, leading to reduced pain experience and defensive responding. Building upon this, we examined the inhibitory capacity of loved face pictures on fear learning in an instructed threat paradigm. Pictures of loved familiar or unknown individuals served as signals for either threat of electric shocks or safety, while a broad set of psychophysiological measures was recorded. We assumed that a long-term learning history of beneficial relations interferes with social threat learning. Nevertheless, results yielded a typical pattern of physiological defense activation towards threat cues, regardless of whether threat was signaled by an unknown or a loved face. These findings call into question the notion that pictures of loved individuals are shielded against becoming threat cues, with implications for attachment and trauma research.

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Experiences of substance-using suicidal males who present frequently to the emergency department

CJEM ◽

10.1017/s1481803500010344 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 10 (04) ◽

pp. 339-346 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Julia M. Spence ◽

Yvonne Bergmans ◽

Carol Strike ◽

Paul S. Links ◽

Jeffrey S. Ball ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Emergency Department ◽

Substance Abuse ◽

Suicidal Behaviour ◽

Group Identification ◽

High Risk Group ◽

Staff Members ◽

Care Workers ◽

History Of ◽

Seeking Help ◽

Iterative Coding

ABSTRACTObjective:This qualitative study investigated the repeated use of the emergency department (ED) by men with a history of suicidal behaviour and substance abuse to understand the needs and barriers to care for this high-risk group. Identification of common themes from interviews with patients and health care workers can serve as a basis for improved ED-based interventions.Methods:Using semistructured interviews, patients, ED staff and family physicians were asked about needs of the aformentioned group. Twenty-five patients were interviewed and completed questionnaires regarding their substance use, aggression, parasuicidal behaviour, alexithymia and childhood trauma. In addition, 27 staff members were interviewed. Interviews were tape-recorded, transcribed and qualitatively analyzed using an iterative coding process.Results:Of the 25 patients, 23 (96%) had a mood or anxiety disorder and 18 (75%) had borderline personality disorder. One-half of the patients scored high and another quarter scored moderate on alexithymia testing. The ED was viewed as a last resort despite seeking help. Frustration was felt by both patients and staff regarding difficult communication, especially during an acute crisis.Conclusion:The ED plays an important role in the provision of care for men with recurrent suicidal behaviour and substance abuse. Some of the diagnoses and problems faced by these patients are beyond the purview of the ED; however, staff can identify mutual goals for crisis interventions, allow for frequent communication and seek to de-escalate situations through the validation of the stress patients are experiencing.

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Delirium, depression, and long-term cognition

International Psychogeriatrics ◽

10.1017/s1041610221002556 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Patricia S. Andrews ◽

Jennifer Thompson ◽

Rameela Raman ◽

Chelsea Rick ◽

Amy Kiehl ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Performance ◽

Prior History ◽

Depression Symptom ◽

Neuropsychological Status ◽

Beta Coefficient ◽

History Of ◽

Surgical Icu ◽

Depression History ◽

History Of Depression

ABSTRACT Objectives: We examined whether preadmission history of depression is associated with less delirium/coma-free (DCF) days, worse 1-year depression severity and cognitive impairment. Design and measurements: A health proxy reported history of depression. Separate models examined the effect of preadmission history of depression on: (a) intensive care unit (ICU) course, measured as DCF days; (b) depression symptom severity at 3 and 12 months, measured by the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II); and (c) cognitive performance at 3 and 12 months, measured by the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) global score. Setting and participants: Patients admitted to the medical/surgical ICU services were eligible. Results: Of 821 subjects eligible at enrollment, 261 (33%) had preadmission history of depression. After adjusting for covariates, preadmission history of depression was not associated with less DCF days (OR 0.78, 95% CI, 0.59–1.03 p = 0.077). A prior history of depression was associated with higher BDI-II scores at 3 and 12 months (3 months OR 2.15, 95% CI, 1.42–3.24 p = <0.001; 12 months OR 1.89, 95% CI, 1.24–2.87 p = 0.003). We did not observe an association between preadmission history of depression and cognitive performance at either 3 or 12 months (3 months beta coefficient −0.04, 95% CI, −2.70–2.62 p = 0.97; 12 months 1.5, 95% CI, −1.26–4.26 p = 0.28). Conclusion: Patients with a depression history prior to ICU stay exhibit a greater severity of depressive symptoms in the year after hospitalization.

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Effortful memory processes under stereotype threat and self-concept in aging

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology ◽

10.1177/1747021818819787 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 72 (7) ◽

pp. 1876-1887

Author(s):

Sandrine Kalenzaga ◽

David Clarys ◽

Pascale Piolino

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Executive Functioning ◽

Stereotype Threat ◽

Deep Level ◽

Group Identification ◽

Recognition Task ◽

Self Concept ◽

Effect Measure ◽

Self Worth ◽

Self Reference

The present study aimed at exploring the effect of stereotype threat on the controlled part of memory in older adults using a deep level of processing, namely, self-reference encoding. To meet this objective, 25 younger adults and 25 older adults performed a Remember/Know recognition task following self-reference versus other-reference encoding of adjective traits, under stereotype threat or not. The results indicated that under stereotype threat, older adults’ production of Remember responses was specifically impaired following self-reference encoding. Moreover, whereas executive functioning and group identification did not moderate stereotype threat effect, measure of self-worth did. These findings suggest that stereotype threat in older adults may be a self-concept threat and that moderators of stereotype threat found in other groups (i.e., group identification and executive functioning) may not be generalised to this group. Rather, as stereotype threat in aging may represent a threat to the self, self-worth might have a central role, whereby individuals with high self-worth remain self-confident even under stereotype threat and are thus able to down-regulate their negative affects to face such a threat.

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Does gender stereotype threat in gamified educational environments cause anxiety? An experimental study

Computers & Education ◽

10.1016/j.compedu.2017.08.005 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 115 ◽

pp. 161-170 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Josmario Albuquerque ◽

Ig I. Bittencourt ◽

Jorge A.P.M. Coelho ◽

Alan P. Silva

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Stereotype Threat ◽

Gender Stereotype ◽

Educational Environments

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Trust your Abilities More than the Stereotype: Effect of Gender-stereotype Threat and Task Difficulty on Word Production, Clustering, and Switching in Letter Fluency

Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities ◽

10.47836/pjssh.28.4.05 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 28 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Sri Wulandari Wulandari ◽

Donny Hendrawan

Keyword(s):

Stereotype Threat ◽

Cognitive Processes ◽

Educational Level ◽

Task Difficulty ◽

Gender Stereotype ◽

Cognitive Tasks ◽

Actual Performance ◽

Men And Women ◽

Undergraduate Men ◽

And Task

Gender-stereotype threat consistently accounts for underperformance phenomena experienced by women on male-stereotyped cognitive tasks. However, only a few studies have examined how the threat is affecting performance on female-stereotyped cognitive tasks, such as letter fluency. The present study examined whether variations in the cues to activate stereotype threat and the level of task difficulty would affect the letter fluency performance of undergraduate men and women (<em>n</em> = 168) and the underlying cognitive processes of this performance (i.e., switching, clustering). The results indicated participants held beliefs about women’s superiority in this task. However, threat-activation cues did not affect production of correct words, errors, clustering, or switching in men and women. Task difficulty affected the number of correct words, yet it did not interact with the stereotype threat-activation cues. Finally, participants’ actual performance was related to their self-rating perception about their ability instead of the stereotyping they perceived. The effect of self-efficacy, educational level, and individuals’ susceptibilities should be taken into account when studying the effects of stereotype threat.

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