scholarly journals Binge Drinkers Are Fast, Able to Stop – but They Fail to Adjust

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ragnhild Bø ◽  
Martin Aker ◽  
Joël Billieux ◽  
Nils Inge Landrø
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Binge Drinking ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Drinking Patterns ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Binge Drinkers ◽  
Inhibition Performance

AbstractBinge drinking leads to brain damage. However, at present few studies have taken into account the continuity in the binge drinking phenomenon, and treated binge drinking as a clearly separable category from other types of drinking patterns. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether severity of binge drinking can predict specific neurocognitive changes in healthy young adults. A total of 121 students aged 18 to 25 were assessed by means of the three last questions of the Alcohol Use Questionnaire combined into binge score. The binge score was entered as a predictor of cognitive performance of the CANTAB Stop Signal Task including reaction time, inhibition processing time, and response adjustment. Anxiety and depression symptoms were also measured. Binge score significantly predicted less adjustment following failures, and faster reaction times. Binge score did not predict inhibition performance. Symptoms of depression and anxiety were not significantly related to binge score. Binge drinking in healthy young adults predicts impairment in response adjustment and fast reaction time, but is unrelated to inhibition. The study supports the view that binge drinking is a continuous phenomenon, rather than discrete category, and the findings are possibly shedding light on why binge drinkers continue their drinking pattern despite negative consequences. (JINS, 2016, 22, 38–46)

scholarly journals Attention and inhibition in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 43-50
Author(s):  
Clara Zancada-Menéndez ◽  
Patricia Sampedro-Piquero ◽  
Azucena Begega ◽  
Laudino López ◽  
Jorge Luis Arias
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Alzheimer Disease ◽  
Neuropsychological Test ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Healthy Controls

Mild cognitive impairment is understood as a cognitive deficit of insufficient severity to fulfil the criteria for Alzheimer’s disease. Many studies have attempted to identify which cognitive functions are most affected by this type of impairment and which is the most sensitive neuropsychological test for early detection. This study investigated sustained and selective attention, processing speed, and the inhibition process using a sample of people divided into three groups mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer disease and cognitively healthy controls selected and grouped based on their scores in the Mini Mental State Examination and Cambridge Cognitive Examination-revised. Three tests from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (Motor Screening Task, Stop Signal Task and Reaction time) were used as well as the d2 attention test. The results show that that participants with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease showed lower levels of concentration compared with the cognitively healthy controls group in the d2 test and longer reaction times in the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery, although the differences were not marked in the latter test. The impairments in basic cognitive processes, such as reaction time and sustained attention, indicate the need to take these functions into account in the test protocols when discriminating between normal aging and early and preclinical dementia processes.

Is Binge Drinking in Young Adults Associated with an Alcohol-Specific Impairment of Response Inhibition?

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Czapla ◽  
Joe J. Simon ◽  
Hans-Christoph Friederich ◽  
Sabine C. Herpertz ◽  
Peter Zimmermann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Binge Drinking ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Drinking Pattern ◽  
Impulsive Behavior ◽  
Commission Errors ◽  
Matched Group ◽  
Binge Drinkers ◽  
Nonalcoholic Beverages

Background/Aims: Little is known about the association of binge drinking with impulsivity related to trait- or state-like aspects of behavior. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate whether binge drinkers show an impairment of inhibitory control in comparison to non-binge drinkers when confronted with alcohol-associated or control stimuli, and whether this is reflected in self-reported impulsivity. Methods: A go/no-go task with pictures of alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages as well as control stimuli was administered to binge drinkers and a gender-matched group of non-binge drinkers. All participants also completed the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11). Results: We found an alcohol-specific impairment of response inhibition for binge drinkers only, while the groups did not differ with regard to overall response inhibition to the experimental stimuli or self-reported impulsiveness (BIS-11). In addition, the number of commission errors in response to alcohol-associated stimuli was the only significant predictor of binge drinking. Conclusion: The findings of the present study suggest that when young adults have established binge drinking as a common drinking pattern, impairment of inhibition in response to alcoholic stimuli is the only significant predictor of binge drinking, but not general impulsive behavior. i 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel

Relation between Reaction Time and Loudness

1984 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 306-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry E. Humes ◽  
Jayne B. Ahlstrom
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Growth Function ◽  
Reaction Time Data ◽  
Intensity Function ◽  
Sound Level ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Sound Levels ◽  
Loudness Growth

The loudness of one-third octave bands of noise centered at either 1, 2, or 4 kHz was measured in 10 normal-hearing young adults for sound levels of 50–90 dB SPL. Reaction times (RT) in response to these same stimuli were also measured in the same subjects. A moderate-to-strong correspondence was observed between the slopes for functions depicting the growth of loudness with sound level and comparable slopes for the reaction-time data. The correlation between slopes for the RT-intensity function and the loudness-growth function was comparable in magnitude to the test,retest correlation for the loudness-growth function except at 1 kHz.

Proactive and Reactive Motor Inhibition in Top Athletes Versus Nonathletes

2018 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damien Brevers ◽  
Etienne Dubuisson ◽  
Fabien Dejonghe ◽  
Julien Dutrieux ◽  
Mathieu Petieau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Motor Response ◽  
Proactive Inhibition ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Reactive Inhibition ◽  
Stop Signal Reaction Time ◽  
Motor Response Inhibition ◽  
Inhibition Performance

We examined proactive (early restraint in preparation for stopping) and reactive (late correction to stop ongoing action) motor response inhibition in two groups of participants: professional athletes ( n = 28) and nonathletes ( n = 25). We recruited the elite athletes from Belgian national taekwondo and fencing teams. We estimated proactive and reactive inhibition with a modified version of the stop-signal task (SST) in which participants inhibited categorizing left/right arrows. The probability of the stop signal was manipulated across blocks of trials by providing probability cues from the background computer screen color (green = 0%, yellow =17%, orange = 25%, red = 33%). Participants performed two sessions of the SST, where proactive inhibition was operationalized with increased go-signal reaction time as a function of increased stop-signal probability and reactive inhibition was indicated by stop-signal reaction time latency. Athletes exhibited higher reactive inhibition performance than nonathletes. In addition, athletes exhibited higher proactive inhibition than nonathletes in Session 1 (but not Session 2) of the SST. As top-level athletes exhibited heightened reactive inhibition and were faster to reach and maintain consistent proactive motor response inhibition, these results confirm an evaluative process that can discriminate elite athleticism through a fine-grained analysis of inhibitory control.

scholarly journals Effects of the COVID-19 Mitigation Measures on Alcohol Consumption and Binge Drinking in College Students: A Longitudinal Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (18) ◽  
pp. 9822
Author(s):  
Margarida Vasconcelos ◽  
Alberto Crego ◽  
Rui Rodrigues ◽  
Natália Almeida-Antunes ◽  
Eduardo López-Caneda
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Binge Drinking ◽  
Drinking Behavior ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Alcohol Craving ◽  
Binge Drinkers ◽  
The Impact

To “flatten the curve” of COVID-19 contagion, several countries ordered lockdowns amid the pandemic along with indications on social distancing. These social isolation measures could potentially bring alterations to healthy behavior, including to alcohol consumption. However, there is hardly any scientific evidence of the impact of such measures on alcohol consumption and binge drinking (BD) among young adults, and how they relate to alcohol craving, stress, anxiety, and depression levels. We addressed these questions by conducting a longitudinal study with 146 Portuguese college students—regular binge drinkers (regular BDs), infrequent binge drinkers (infrequent BDs) and non-binge drinkers (non-BDs)—in three moments: before the pandemic (Pre-Lockdown), during lockdown (Lockdown) and 6 months after (Post-Lockdown). Results revealed that regular BDs decreased alcohol use during Lockdown, a change in behavior that was even greater during Post-Lockdown, when regular BDs displayed similar levels of consumption to infrequent/non-BDs. Additionally, alcohol craving and living with friends were predictive of alcohol use during Lockdown, whereas stress, anxiety, and depression symptoms did not contribute to explain changes in drinking behavior. Collectively, the results suggest that BD in young Portuguese college students can be stopped when the contexts in which alcohol intake usually takes place are suppressed, which may have important implications for future prevention and intervention strategies.

scholarly journals Alcohol use and mental health symptoms in female firefighter recruits

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 625-631
Author(s):  
S B Gulliver ◽  
R T Zimering ◽  
F Dobani ◽  
M L Pennington ◽  
S B Morissette ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Binge Drinking ◽  
Occupational Injury ◽  
Problem Drinking ◽  
Fire Service ◽  
Drinking Patterns ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Limited research suggests that female firefighters report problem drinking at higher rates than the general population. Aims To identify longitudinal drinking patterns in female firefighters, make comparisons to male firefighters and examine problem drinking in relation to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. Methods Study participants included 33 female and 289 male firefighter recruits, who were assessed over their first 3 years of fire service. Results Female firefighters consumed increasing numbers of drinks per week, with a median of 0.90 drinks per week at baseline, and 1.27 drinks in year 3. Female firefighters reported binge drinking at high rates, with nearly half binging at least once per year across all time points (44–74%). The percentage that reported binge drinking three or more times per month doubled over the course of the study (from 9% to 18%). Overall, males reported higher rates of binge drinking and a greater number of drinks per week; however, binge drinking rates among females increased over time and became comparable to rates of binge drinking among males. A greater percentage of female than male firefighters met the criteria for problem drinking by year 1. Problem drinking was associated with screening positive for PTSD at year 1 and depression at year 2, but not with occupational injury. Conclusions Over time, female firefighters reported increasing amounts of drinking, more frequent binge drinking and more negative consequences from drinking. These findings along with existing literature indicate female firefighters change their drinking in the direction of their male counterparts.

Effects of Prestimulus Interval on Phonation Initiation Reaction Times

1980 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Izdebski
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Auditory Stimulus ◽  
Vocal Fold ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Reaction Time Paradigm ◽  
Initiation Reaction ◽  
Auditory Reaction Time

Latencies for phonation initiation (from adducted, abducted, and a subject method, prephonatory vocal-fold position) were studied in 30 young adults under an auditory reaction time paradigm as a function of random prestimulus intervals. Shortest latencies were obtained when the auditory stimulus was presented within a 1000- to 2000-millisecond flame. Stimulus delivery at intervals exceeding or preceding this time flame increases the latency of vocal reaction.

The Quick Step: A New Test for Measuring Reaction Time and Lateral Stepping Velocity

2002 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen N. White ◽  
Katherine B. Gunter ◽  
Christine M. Snow ◽  
Wilson C. Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Older Adult ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Pressure Sensitive ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Measuring Reaction Time

The Quick Step measures reaction time and lateral stepping velocity. Upon a visual cue, participants step to the side as quickly as possible. Instrumentation includes floor pads with pressure-sensitive switches and two timers. In all, 109 older adults who had experienced a recent fall, 46 older adult nonfallers, and 24 young adults volunteered for testing. Reliability for reaction time and stepping velocity was good to excellent (intraclass correlation = 0.69–0.85). Multivariate analysis of variance revealed a significant difference between groups, p < 0.01, but not between stepping directions, p = 0.62–0.72, for both reaction time and stepping velocity. Reaction times were different among the three groups, p < 0.01, with the young adults having the fastest times and the older adult fallers having the slowest times. Lateral stepping velocity was faster among the young adults than for the two older groups, p < 0.01, but did not differ between the older adults, p = 0.29. It is concluded that the Quick Step is a simple and reliable tool for determining reaction time and lateral stepping velocity, and that this test can be used to detect a significant difference in reaction time between older adult fallers and nonfallers.

scholarly journals Generalised inhibitory impairment to appetitive cues: From alcoholic to non-alcoholic visual stimuli

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Monk ◽  
Adam Qureshi ◽  
Charlotte Rebecca Pennington ◽  
Iain Hamlin
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Research Methodologies ◽  
Appetitive Stimuli ◽  
Stop Signal Reaction Time ◽  
Appetitive Cues

BackgroundPrior research demonstrates that individuals who consume alcohol show diminished inhibitory control towards alcohol-related cues. However, such research contrasts predominantly alcoholic appetitive cues with non-alcoholic, non-appetitive cues (e.g., stationary items). As such, it is not clear whether it is specifically the alcoholic nature of the cues that influences impairments in inhibitory control or whether more general appetitive processes are at play.AimsThe current study examined the hitherto untested assertion that the disinhibiting effects of alcohol-related stimuli might generalise to other appetitive liquid stimuli, but not to non-appetitive liquid stimuli.MethodFifty-nine participants (Mage = 21.63, SD = 5.85) completed a modified version of the Stop Signal Task, which exposed them to visual stimuli of three types of liquids: Alcoholic appetitive (e.g., wine), non-alcoholic appetitive (e.g., water) and non-appetitive (e.g., washing-up liquid).ResultsConsistent with predictions, Stop-signal reaction time was significantly longer for appetitive (alcoholic, non-alcoholic) compared to non-appetitive stimuli. Participants were also faster and less error-prone when responding to appetitive relative to non-appetitive stimuli on go-trials. There were no apparent differences in stop signal reaction times between alcoholic and non-alcoholic appetitive products.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that decreases in inhibitory control in response to alcohol-related cues might generalise to other appetitive liquids, possibly due to evaluative conditioning. Implications for existing research methodologies include the use of appetitive control conditions and the diversification of cues within tests of alcohol-related inhibitory control.

Alcohol drinking patterns in young people: A survey-based study

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 1889-1896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Martinotti ◽  
Matteo Lupi ◽  
Leonardo Carlucci ◽  
Rita Santacroce ◽  
Eduardo Cinosi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Binge Drinking ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Drinking Patterns ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
Alcohol Drinking Patterns ◽  
Binge Drinkers ◽  
Sexual Disinhibition ◽  
Alcohol Users

Binge drinking represents a major clinical and public health concern. Here, we investigated the prevalence of binge drinking and its related consequences, in a population of young adults. A questionnaire was administered to a sample of 4275 healthy subjects. In the overall sample, the percentage of binge drinkers was 67.6 per cent; among regular alcohol users, 79.5 per cent reported episodes of binge drinking. Among binge drinkers, several serious consequences were identified (staggering and stuttering, amnesia, loss of control, aggressiveness, sexual disinhibition). Raising awareness about the seriousness of binge drinking may help health care providers to identify cases early on and provide appropriate treatments.

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