The Many Sides of Hemispheric Asymmetry: A Selective Review and Outlook

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 710-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael C. Corballis ◽  
Isabelle S. Häberling
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Hemispheric Asymmetry ◽  
Brain Asymmetry ◽  
Dual System ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
The Many ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
The Brain

AbstractHemispheric asymmetry is commonly viewed as a dual system, unique to humans, with the two sides of the human brain in complementary roles. To the contrary, modern research shows that cerebral and behavioral asymmetries are widespread in the animal kingdom, and that the concept of duality is an oversimplification. The brain has many networks serving different functions; these are differentially lateralized, and involve many genes. Unlike the asymmetries of the internal organs, brain asymmetry is variable, with a significant minority of the population showing reversed asymmetries or the absence of asymmetry. This variability may underlie the divisions of labor and the specializations that sustain social life. (JINS, 2017, 23, 710–718)

scholarly journals Is There a Brain Microbiome?

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 263310552110187
Author(s):  
Christopher D Link
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Strong Motivation ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Brain

Numerous studies have identified microbial sequences or epitopes in pathological and non-pathological human brain samples. It has not been resolved if these observations are artifactual, or truly represent population of the brain by microbes. Given the tempting speculation that resident microbes could play a role in the many neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases that currently lack clear etiologies, there is a strong motivation to determine the “ground truth” of microbial existence in living brains. Here I argue that the evidence for the presence of microbes in diseased brains is quite strong, but a compelling demonstration of resident microbes in the healthy human brain remains to be done. Dedicated animal models studies may be required to determine if there is indeed a “brain microbiome.”

scholarly journals Splendours and miseries of the brain

1999 ◽  
Vol 354 (1392) ◽  
pp. 2053-2065 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Zeki
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Evolutionary Selection ◽  
Evolutionary Success ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Enormous Success

In this speculative essay, I examine two evolutionary developments underlying the enormous success of the human brain: its capacity to acquire knowledge and its variability across individuals. A feature of an efficient knowledge–acquiring system is, I believe, its capacity to abstract and to formulate ideals. Both attributes carry with them a clash between experience of the particular and what the brain has developed from experience of the many. Both therefore can lead to much disappointment in our daily lives. This disappointment is heightened by the fact that both abstraction and ideals are subject to variability in time within an individual and between individuals. Variability, which is a cherished source for evolutionary selection, can also be an isolating and individualizing feature in society. Thus the very features of the human brain which underlie our enormous evolutionary success can also be a major source of our misery.

scholarly journals MORPHOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VENTRICULAR BRAIN SYSTEMS IN THE ELDERLY AGE

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 15-19
Author(s):  
O. Slobodian ◽  
V. Kryvetskyi ◽  
T. Khmara
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Lateral Ventricle ◽  
Hemispheric Asymmetry ◽  
Ventricular System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Anterior Posterior

The introduction into medical practice of new methods of neuroimaging - computed and magnetic resonance imaging, has changed the principles of diagnosing morphological changes in the brain and opened up new horizons in the study of its structure. The literature sources provide conflicting and fragmentary data on the anatomical features and morphometric parameters of the parts of the brain, and especially its ventricular system, at different age periods of a person's life. The human brain is characterized by significant age-sex anatomical variability. It differs in men and women in different races, ethnic groups. Signs of difference persist from generation to generation and can be an important characteristic of the variability of the human brain as a species. However, the sex and age features of the structure of the cerebral ventricles, taking into account their individual anatomical variability, have not been sufficiently studied. During morphometric study of magnetic resonance tomograms a comprehensive in vivo characteristic of the cerebral ventricular system in elderly persons is presented. Gender peculiarities and inter-hemispheric asymmetry of relevant indicators are studied. The examinations were conducted in standard anatomical planes (sagittal, frontal and axial) in people with no visual signs of organic lesions of the brain and skull. 38 tomograms of elderly patients were analyzed 38 (14 men and 24 women). 13 indicators of the liquor system of the brain were studied and a significant increase of the following parameters were found in males: the length of the anterior horn of the right lateral ventricle, the length and width of the central part of the lateral ventricle both on the right and left, the length of the lower horn of the lateral ventricle on the left and right, and anterior-posterior size of the lateral ventricle on the right and left. Some of the parameters studied possessed reliable inter-hemispheric asymmetry, namely, in men on the left: the body width of the lateral ventricle, the length and width of the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle, anterior-posterior size of the lateral ventricle; in women – the length of the lower horn of the lateral ventricle on the right.

The Many Sides of the Two Sides of the Brain.

1994 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christman S.D.
Keyword(s):  
The Many ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Variability in the macro- and microstructure of the human brain and its importance to the investigation of neurological disorders

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
András Király
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Hemispheric Asymmetry ◽  
Mapping Function ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Optimal Choice ◽  
Brain Morphology ◽  
Coordinate Space ◽  
Coordinate Frame ◽  
Standard Space ◽  
The Brain

The exact shape of every human brain - including its micro- and macroscopic features - is as unique as a human fingerprint, resulting in inter-individual anatomical variability. In the past two decades, the understanding of this variability advanced dramatically not only at the level of sulcal/gyral patterns, anatomical features (e.g. cortical thickness, volume and shape) and extent of cytoarchitectonic areas defined at the microscopic level, but also in the anatomical and functional connectivity of the brain. The core concept within the field of brain mapping is the use of a standardized 3D coordinate frame for data analysis and reporting of findings from neuroimaging experiments. This simple construct allows brain researchers to combine (even structural or functional) data from many subjects to create group-averaged signals. Also, where the signal is robust enough to be detected in individuals, it allows for the exploration of inter-individual variance in the location of that signal. Spatial standardization requires two basic components: (i) the specification of the 3D standard coordinate space, and (ii) a mapping function that transforms a 3D brain image from “native” space to that standard space. The first component is usually expressed by the choice of a representative 3D MR image that serves as target (template or atlas). The native image is re-sampled to standard space under the mapping function that may have few or many degrees of freedom, depending upon the experimental design. The optimal choice of atlas template and mapping function depends upon considerations of age, gender, hemispheric asymmetry, anatomical correspondence, spatial normalization methodology and disease-specificity (1). In our studies we investigated some of these aspects, e.g. 1) how gender and normal aging influences brain morphology, 2) how normal hemispheric asymmetry plays a role in lateralized neurological diseases, such as cluster headache, 3) how progressive neurodegenerative disorders, such as Huntington’s disease affect the brain structure, or 4) how we can deal with inter-individual variability in case of neurosurgical interventions, such as thalamotomy in the therapy of medication resistant tremor.

Psychology of the Internal Organs

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingduan Yang ◽  
Daniel A. Monti
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Mental Functions ◽  
Physical Dysfunction ◽  
Energetic Balance ◽  
Physical Functions ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Energetic Level ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Specific Impact

This chapter helps readers to realize that, at the energetic level, mental and physical functions are two sides of the same energetic balance of the internal organs. Every internal organ has a specific impact on certain mental functions and emotions via its energetic connection with a part of the brain. One can hardly treat physical dysfunction without affecting certain mental functions and vice versa. What has caused the physical dysfunction may also cause the mental illness. This chapter describes how anger, joy, grief, worry, and fear affect internal organs like the Liver, Heart, Lungs, Spleen, and Kidney, and how the dysfunction of these internal organs causes disturbance to a patient’s consciousness, unconsciousness, thinking, judgment, and willpower.

Frontier concept of rabi chip for intelligent humanoid

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Preecha Yupapin ◽  
Amiri I. S. ◽  
Ali J. ◽  
Ponsuwancharoen N. ◽  
Youplao P.
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Rabi Oscillation ◽  
Liquid Core ◽  
Brain Surface ◽  
Dipole Oscillation ◽  
On Chip ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Robotic Applications ◽  
Atom System

The sequence of the human brain can be configured by the originated strongly coupling fields to a pair of the ionic substances(bio-cells) within the microtubules. From which the dipole oscillation begins and transports by the strong trapped force, which is known as a tweezer. The tweezers are the trapped polaritons, which are the electrical charges with information. They will be collected on the brain surface and transport via the liquid core guide wave, which is the mixture of blood content and water. The oscillation frequency is called the Rabi frequency, is formed by the two-level atom system. Our aim will manipulate the Rabi oscillation by an on-chip device, where the quantum outputs may help to form the realistic human brain function for humanoid robotic applications.

TIMELESS BUILDINGS AND THE HUMAN BRAIN: The Effect of Spiritual Spaces on Human Brain Waves

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Sally M. Essawy ◽  
Basil Kamel ◽  
Mohamed S. Elsawy
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Spiritual Experience ◽  
Brain Wave ◽  
Human Comfort ◽  
Beliefs And Practices ◽  
Brain Waves ◽  
Space Design ◽  
State Of Mind ◽  
The Brain

Some buildings hold certain qualities of space design similar to those originated from nature in harmony with its surroundings. These buildings, mostly associated with religious beliefs and practices, allow for human comfort and a unique state of mind. This paper aims to verify such effect on the human brain. It concentrates on measuring brain waves when the user is located in several spots (coordinates) in some of these buildings. Several experiments are conducted on selected case studies to identify whether certain buildings affect the brain wave frequencies of their users or not. These are measured in terms of Brain Wave Frequency Charts through EEG Device. The changes identified on the brain were then translated into a brain diagram that reflects the spiritual experience all through the trip inside the selected buildings. This could then be used in architecture to enhance such unique quality.

Art and the Brain’s Reward System

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrik Hogh-Olesen
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Reward System ◽  
Human Existence ◽  
Brain Scans ◽  
System P ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Reward Circuit

Chapter 7 takes the investigation of the aesthetic impulse into the human brain to understand, first, why only we—and not our closest relatives among the primates—express ourselves aesthetically; and second, how the brain reacts when presented with aesthetic material. Brain scans are less useful when you are interested in the Why of aesthetic behavior rather than the How. Nevertheless, some brain studies have been ground-breaking, and neuroaesthetics offers a pivotal argument for the key function of the aesthetic impulse in human lives; it shows us that the brain’s reward circuit is activated when we are presented with aesthetic objects and stimuli. For why reward a perception or an activity that is evolutionarily useless and worthless in relation to human existence?

A bigger brain for a more complex environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (8) ◽  
pp. 803-816
Author(s):  
Umberto di Porzio
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Cultural Challenges ◽  
Birth Canal ◽  
Newborn Brain ◽  
Neuronal Interactions ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe environment increased complexity required more neural functions to develop in the hominin brains, and the hominins adapted to the complexity by developing a bigger brain with a greater interconnection between its parts. Thus, complex environments drove the growth of the brain. In about two million years during hominin evolution, the brain increased three folds in size, one of the largest and most complex amongst mammals, relative to body size. The size increase has led to anatomical reorganization and complex neuronal interactions in a relatively small skull. At birth, the human brain is only about 20% of its adult size. That facilitates the passage through the birth canal. Therefore, the human brain, especially cortex, develops postnatally in a rich stimulating environment with continuous brain wiring and rewiring and insertion of billions of new neurons. One of the consequence is that in the newborn brain, neuroplasticity is always turned “on” and it remains active throughout life, which gave humans the ability to adapt to complex and often hostile environments, integrate external experiences, solve problems, elaborate abstract ideas and innovative technologies, store a lot of information. Besides, hominins acquired unique abilities as music, language, and intense social cooperation. Overwhelming ecological, social, and cultural challenges have made the human brain so unique. From these events, as well as the molecular genetic changes that took place in those million years, under the pressure of natural selection, derive the distinctive cognitive abilities that have led us to complex social organizations and made our species successful.

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