Who Makes an Effort? A Person-Centered Examination of Motivation and Beliefs as Predictors of Students’ Effort and Performance on the PISA 2015 Science Assessment

Each time new PISA results are presented, they gain a lot of attention. However, there are many factors that lie behind the results, and they get less attention. In this study, we take a person-centered approach and focus on students’ motivation and beliefs, and how these predict students’ effort and performance on the PISA 2015 assessment of scientific literacy. Moreover, we use both subjective (self-report) and objective (time-based) measures of effort, which allows us to compare these different types of measures. Latent profile analysis was used to group students in profiles based on their instrumental motivation, enjoyment, interest, self-efficacy, and epistemic beliefs (all with regard to science). A solution with four profiles proved to be best. When comparing the effort and performance of these four profiles, we saw several significant differences, but many of these differences disappeared when we added gender and the PISA index of economic, social, and cultural status (ESCS) as control variables. The main difference between the profiles, after adding control variables, was that the students in the profile with most positive motivation and sophisticated epistemic beliefs performed best and put in the most effort. Students in the profile with unsophisticated epistemic beliefs and low intrinsic values (enjoyment and interest) were most likely to be classified as low-effort responders. We conclude that strong motivation and sophisticated epistemic beliefs are important for both the effort students put into the PISA assessment and their performance, but also that ESCS had an unexpectedly large impact on the results.

Journeys to polyglotism: a case study of French, Spanish, and Japanese tourist guides

The study aimed at discovering the process through which three tourist guides of French, Spanish, and Japanese acquired different foreign languages. The data was taken through in-depth interviews to explore the motivation that drove their language learning, the language interference, the technique they used to self-teach themselves the language, and their immersion in the language’s native country. The recorded interviews were then transcribed and analyzed through data reduction, data display, and verification drawing. The results were then given to the subjects to ensure trustworthiness and to verify the researcher’s interpretation of the interview. The study found that 1) one of the most crucial factors of language learning success was strong motivation, which led to consistency and risk-taking attitude; 2) a significant growth of language mastery took place when the subjects spent extended time in the language’s native country; 3) both formal classroom instruction and informal independent learning were essential for their language improvement; 4) the subjects proactively consulted the native speakers to improve their vocabulary inventory, to correct inaccuracies or to gain new language expressions; and 5) due to the different nature of the languages they were learning, each subject had a diverse view on grammar and language interference. In pedagogical implication, teachers could foster students’ willingness to learn with either instrumental motivation, i.e. by raising awareness of the benefit of foreign language ability, or with integrative motivation, i.e. by raising students’ interest in the culture or people whose language was being studied. Besides, language learners, or language teachers, might reflect on this research to complement formal-classroom learning with a large degree of informal-independent learning.

Pentingnya Motivasi Dalam Menumbuhkan Minat Berwirausaha

Strong motivation in running a business is needed in addition to the intentions and enthusiasm that exist in an entrepreneur. With a strong motivation can encourage entrepreneurs to start a business well to achieve the target to be determined. This study aims to explain and explain the importance of motivation in growing interest in entrepreneurship. The method used in this study is a qualitative approach method with descriptive analytical and explanatory studies as well as data collection through literature studies, literature / and related documentation related to the importance of motivation in growing interest in entrepreneurship. High motivation in a person will encourage the entrepreneur to carry out all activities and activities in entrepreneurship. With the existing motivation will arise the will and interest of entrepreneurs to run their business in order to continue to grow and achieve the goals that have been set.

Mono-, Di-, Tri-Pyrene Substituted Cyclic Triimidazole: A Family of Highly Emissive and RTP Chromophores

The search of new organic emitters is receiving a strong motivation by the development of ORTP materials. In the present study we report on the preparation, optical and photophysical characterization, by both steady state and time resolved techniques, of two pyrene-functionalized cyclic triimidazole derivatives. Together with the already reported mono-substituted derivative, the di- and tri-substituted members of the family have revealed as intriguing emitters characterized by impressive quantum yields in solution and RTP properties in the solid state. In particular, phosphorescence lifetimes increase from 5.19 to 20.54 and 40.62 ms for mono-, di- and trisubstituted compounds, respectively. Based on spectroscopical results and theoretical DFT/TDDFT calculations on the di-pyrene molecule, differences in photophysical performances of the three compounds have been assigned to intermolecular interactions increasing with the number of pyrene moieties appended to the cyclic triimidazole scaffold.

The Effect of Motivation to Participate in Sport on Prosocial and Antisocial Behaviors in Individuals with Physical Disabili-ties

Background: This cross sectional study was conducted to analyse the level of motivation and proso-cial as well as antisocial behaviors of the individuals with physical disabilities who do sports, to eval-uate whether their motivational states were related with prosocial and antisocial behaviors, and to determine if the type of disability affect their motivation or prosocial and antisocial behaviors. Method: The research was conducted on 688 individuals who do sports and have physical disabili-ties in various regions of Turkey in 2020. Motivation Scale for Sports Participation of People with Disabilities (MSSPPD), Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior in Sport Scale (PABSS) were used as data collection tools in this research. Results: Motivation to participate in sports level of the individuals with physical disabilities was quite high. Their prosocial behavior towards their teammates and opponents was high, while their antisocial behavior towards teammates and opponent team players was low. When subjects' motiva-tions were examined according to the type of disability, motivation levels of individuals with ortho-pedic and visual disabilities were higher than those of individuals with hearing disabilities. Conclusion: As a result, individuals with disabilities need strong motivation to participate in sport programs and this improves them behaviourally. As their motivation for participation in sport in-creased, their prosocial behaviors were positively affected, and their antisocial behaviors decrease.

Job Satisfaction among School Teachers in Duwakot, Bhaktapur District, Nepal

Introduction: Job satisfaction is one of the determinant factors for professionals. The job satisfaction concerning school teachers reflects their strong motivation towards their job. This study aimed to measure the job satisfaction among teachers of Government and Private schools of Changu Narayan Municipality. Methods: A cross-sectional study was done at seven government and five private schools of wards no. 1 and 2 of Changu Narayan Municipality Bhaktapur District, Nepal over one month (20th April - 19th May 2021). Schools of Changu Narayan Municipality Ward No. 1 and 2 were purposively selected. The data was collected through validated questionnaire on Job Description Index (JDI)8 which consists of 17 domains. Data were entered in Excel and data analysis was done in SPSS version 20. Results: The overall job satisfaction was 65.77±11.52 which indicates that the majority of teachers were highly satisfied with their job. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate job satisfaction among school level teachers was satisfied in their occupation especially in teaching profession. The domain sources of job satisfaction in school teachers appear to be work itself, coworker, relationship with students and sense of achievement. Whereas motivation in profession is most likely to be less job satisfaction among Government and Private schools.

Editorial for Special Issue Detecting Attack and Incident Zone System

Attackers who have a strong motivation to succeed in their nefarious goals are often able to breach the security of their targets and cause havoc [...]

Hydrogen Technology towards the Solution of Environment-Friendly New Energy Vehicles

The popularity of climate neutral new energy vehicles for reduced emissions and improved air quality has been raising great attention for many years. World-wide, a strong commitment continues to drive the demand for zero-emission through alternative energy sources and propulsion systems. Despite the fact that 71.27% of hydrogen is produced from natural gas, green hydrogen is a promising clean way to contribute to and maintain a climate neutral ecosystem. Thereby, reaching CO2 targets for 2030 and beyond requires cross-sectoral changes. However, the strong motivation of governments for climate neutrality is challenging many sectors. One of them is the transport sector, as it is challenged to find viable all-in solutions that satisfy social, economic, and sustainable requirements. Currently, the use of new energy vehicles operating on green sustainable hydrogen technologies, such as batteries or fuel cells, has been the focus for reducing the mobility induced emissions. In Europe, 50% of the total emissions result from mobility. The following article reviews the background, ongoing challenges and potentials of new energy vehicles towards the development of an environmentally friendly hydrogen economy. A change management process mindset has been adapted to discuss the key scientific and commercial challenges for a successful transition.

Inequality, Education, and Corruption

This chapter shows a link between levels of mass education in 1870 and corruption levels in 2010 for 78 countries that remains strong when controlling for change in the level of education, GDP/ capita, and democracy. A model for the causal mechanism between universal education and control of corruption is presented. Early introduction of universal education is linked to levels of economic equality and to efforts to increase state capacity. First, societies with more equal education gave citizens more opportunities and power for opposing corruption. Secondly, the need for increased state capacity was a strong motivation for the introduction of universal education in many countries. Strong states provided more education to their publics and such states were more common where economic disparities were initially smaller.

Fasilitasi peningkatan kompetensi wirausaha kuliner di era pandemi

The Covid-19 pandemic has an impact on the sustainability of micro, small and medium enterprises, including the businesses of Ngasem residents which have been running so far. Also, businesses owned by residents of Ngasem Village have problems related to entrepreneurial motivation, business management, and limited knowledge about business bookkeeping. The purpose of this service is so that the training participants have a strong motivation to continue doing business, have knowledge of business management, and can manage and make simple business bookkeeping. This method of implementing this service uses lectures, discussions, and cooking practices. During the activity, the participants were very enthusiastic about participating in the training and several participants asked questions. The results of this service activity can increase motivation to continue to work hard, increase the ability of participants to make financial records, and deepen their skills in food processing.