Incidental Learning and Memory Deficits on a Computerized Symbol-Digit Modalities Test in Adults with HIV/AIDS

Abstract Objective: Incidental learning and memory, as well as processing speed, were examined in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive adults and a seronegative control group. Methods: Participants completed a computerized Symbol-Digit Modalities Test (cSDMT) with two blocked conditions: a set of trials with the standard symbol–digit pairings and the second set with a rearranged symbol–digit pairings. Results: HIV-positive adults showed slower overall reaction time compared to the HIV-negative group. More importantly, the most cognitively impaired HIV-positive group showed no interference in the rearranged set of symbol–digit pairings from the standard pairings on the cSDMT. Conclusion: The relative slowing, or interference, in the HIV-negative group and two HIV-positive groups (unimpaired and impaired) was quite large (between 122 and 131 ms). We argue that the lack of such relative slowing in the most cognitively impaired HIV-positive group indicates a deficit in incidental learning and memory.

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Epidemiology and Hospital Course of Patients With Acute Salpingitis and Coincident HIV

Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology ◽

10.1155/s1064744993000213 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 91-93

Author(s):

Iris Ayala-Rodriguez ◽

Joseph Apuzzio

Keyword(s):

Hospitalized Patients ◽

University Hospital ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Negative Group ◽

Positive Group ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

The Mean ◽

Wbc Count ◽

Hiv Seropositive ◽

Hiv Negative

Objective: To compare the epidemiology and hospital course of patients with acute salpingitis with and without coincident human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositivity.Methods: Patients admitted to the UMDNJ-University Hospital in Newark, New Jersey from January 1, 1991, to December 31, 1991, with acute salpingitis were studied.Results: Eight percent of all hospitalized patients with acute salpingitis were HIV-positive. The mean age of the HIV-negative group was 25.4 compared with 29.6 years in the HIV-positive group. Gonorrhea and chlamydia were present in 49% and 22%, respectively, in HIV-negatives and in 40% and 20% of HIV-positives. Two of 5 (40%) HIV-positive patients had tuboovarian abscesses compared with 12 of 59 (20%) HIV-negative patients. Three of 5 (60%) HIV-positive patients had admission WBC counts fewer than 10,000/mm3 compared to 6 of 59 (12%) of HIV-negatives (P = 0.024). The hospital stay was 5.4 days for HIV-positives and 5.8 days for HIV-negatives.Conclusions: Eight percent of hospitalized patients with acute salpingitis were HIV-seropositive. Neisseria gonorrhoeae and chlamydia were commonly found organisms in both groups. The initial WBC count was lower for HIV-positive patients. The hospital course of both groups was similar.

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Role of Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunting for Human Immunodeficiency Virus-positive Patients with Tuberculous Meningitis and Hydrocephalus

Neurosurgery ◽

10.1097/00006123-200009000-00024 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 47 (3) ◽

pp. 644-650

Author(s):

Syed Sameer Nadvi ◽

Narendra Nathoo ◽

Ken Annamalai ◽

James R. van Dellen ◽

Ahmed I. Bhigjee

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Tuberculous Meningitis ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Negative Group ◽

Cd4 Counts ◽

Positive Group ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunting ◽

Hiv Negative

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) and its complications continue to have devastating neurological consequences for patients. Budgetary constraints, especially in developing countries, have made it necessary to select patients for shunting who are likely to experience good recoveries. To date, the value of cerebrospinal fluid shunting for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients with TBM has not been clearly established. METHODS Thirty patients with TBM and hydrocephalus were prospectively evaluated. Coincidentally, one-half of the patients were HIV-positive. All patients underwent uniform treatment, including ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement and antituberculosis treatment. CD4 counts were measured for all patients. Outcomes were assessed at 1 month. RESULTS No complications related to shunt insertion were noted. The HIV-positive group fared poorly (death, 66.7%; poor outcome, 64.7%), compared with the HIV-negative group (death, 26.7%; poor outcome, 30.8%). Despite cerebrospinal fluid shunting, no patient in the HIV-positive group experienced a good recovery (Glasgow Outcome Scale score of 5). This is in contrast to the six patients (40%) in the HIV-negative group who, with the same treatment, experienced good recoveries (Glasgow Outcome Scale scores of 5) at discharge (P < 0.14). No patient (either HIV-positive or HIV-negative) who presented in TBM Grade 4 survived, whereas no HIV-positive patient who presented in TBM Grade 3 survived. A significant relationship was noted between CD4 counts and patient outcomes (P < 0.031). CONCLUSION In the absence of obvious clinical benefit, HIV-positive patients with TBM should undergo a trial of ventricular or lumbar cerebrospinal fluid drainage, and only those who exhibit significant neurological improvement should proceed to shunt surgery.

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Increasing genetic diversity of hepatitis C virus in haemophiliacs with human immunodeficiency virus coinfection

Journal of General Virology ◽

10.1099/vir.0.82974-0 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 88 (9) ◽

pp. 2513-2519 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Yasuhito Tanaka ◽

Kousuke Hanada ◽

Hideji Hanabusa ◽

Fuat Kurbanov ◽

Takashi Gojobori ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Hepatitis C ◽

Selective Pressure ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Negative Group ◽

Positive Group ◽

Time Points ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Hiv Negative

Patients with inherited bleeding disorders who received clotting factor concentrates before 1987 have high rates of hepatitis C virus (HCV) or HCV/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. To determine whether the persistent nature of HIV affects the genetic diversity of HCV by less selective pressure through the immunosuppression of HIV/HCV-coinfected patients, both the change of genetic diversity and selective pressure were examined in the HCV envelope genes (E1 and E2) of 325 genotype 1a subclones from eight HIV-positive and five HIV-negative patients with two time points (more than 6 years apart). To infer the genetic diversity of HCV in each patient, we used two approaches. One method was to estimate the difference of total evolutionary distances in the phylogenetic tree between the two time points, and another was to estimate the changes of genetic diversity along the time based on the coalescence theory. The two results indicate that the HIV-positive group has significantly more diverse population structure than the HIV-negative group. A comparative analysis of the synonymous and non-synonymous substitutions found that the HIV-positive group was subject to less selective pressure than the HIV-negative group. In conclusion, HIV-positive patients would have a more diversified HCV population than HIV-negative patients due to less selective pressure from the immune system.

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Prevalence of Peripheral Vestibular Impairment in Adults with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Journal of Audiology & Otology ◽

10.7874/jao.2020.00164 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 36-42

Author(s):

Alison Millar ◽

Karin Joubert ◽

Alida Naude

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Vestibular Function ◽

Head Impulse Test ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Positive Group ◽

Head Impulse ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Central Compensation ◽

The Impact ◽

Hiv Negative

Background and Objectives: Globally, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is responsible for one of the most serious pandemics to date. The vulnerability of the vestibular system in individuals with HIV has been confirmed, and central vestibular impairments have been frequently reported. However, there are disagreements on the impact of HIV on peripheral vestibular function. Thus, the current study aimed to determine the prevalence of peripheral vestibular impairment, specifically related to the semi-circular canals (SCCs), in HIV-positive individuals receiving antiretroviral (ARV) treatment.Subjects and Methods: A total of 92 adults between the ages of 18 and 50 years (divided into two groups) participated in the study. The first group comprised HIV-positive individuals receiving ARV treatment (n1=60), and the second group comprised HIV-negative participants (n2=32). The video head impulse test was used to conduct the head impulse paradigm (HIMP).Results: Bilateral normal HIMP results were obtained in 95% of the HIV-positive participants and all HIV-negative participants. The gain of the left posterior SCCs was significantly lower in the HIV-positive group, while the gains of all other canals between the two groups were comparable.Conclusions: The prevalence of peripheral vestibular impairment in the HIV-positive group was not significantly different from that of the HIV-negative group. The reduced prevalence in the current study may be attributed to participant characteristics, the test battery employed, and the central compensation of the vestibular dysfunctions at the later stages of infection.

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A multicenter study of viral hepatitis in a United States hemophilic population

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v81.2.412.412 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 81 (2) ◽

pp. 412-418 ◽

Cited By ~ 103

Author(s):

CL Troisi ◽

FB Hollinger ◽

WK Hoots ◽

C Contant ◽

J Gill ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Viral Hepatitis ◽

Hemophilia A ◽

Hbv Infection ◽

Hemophilia B ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Negative Group ◽

Hiv Status ◽

Positive Group ◽

Hdv Infection ◽

Hiv Negative

Abstract Hemophilia A and B patients seen at nine US regional treatment centers were tested for serologic markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis delta virus (HDV) during 1987 and 1988. Because human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, a potentially confounding variable, was present in 53% of the group, the population was divided by HIV status for analysis purposes. In the HIV-positive group (N = 382), less than 1% had not been infected with HBV, HCV, or HDV, whereas 75% had evidence of infection with HBV and 98% with HCV. HBsAg, a marker of active HBV infection, was present in 12% of subjects; 96% of these were HCV positive. Anti-HDV was detected in 35 subjects (9.1%); all were anti-HBc positive. Ten of the 35 (29%) also were positive for IgM anti-HDV, indicating current infection. All 10 were HBsAg positive and 7 of the 9 tested were HDV RNA positive. Severe/moderate hemophilia B patients were more likely to have experienced an HBV infection and to be anti-HDV positive than were similar hemophilia A patients (22% v 8%, P < .05). In the HIV-negative group (N = 345), the subjects were younger and had less severe hemophilia than the HIV-positive patients. No evidence of HBV, HCV, or HDV infection was found in 18%, whereas 33% had experienced HBV infection and 79% were anti-HCV positive. Within this group, 4% were HBsAg positive. All 13 subjects with anti-HDV (4% of the HIV-negative group) also possessed anti-HBc. One (7.7%) was IgM anti-HDV positive and the serum from another contained HDV RNA. Both of these individuals were HBsAg positive. As in the HIV-positive group, severe/moderate hemophilia B patients were more likely to be HBV and HDV positive than were hemophilia A patients (9% v 3%, P < .05). A prevalence study of viral hepatitis in a large US hemophilic population showed that active infection with HCV is common, occurring in 89% of all study patients regardless of HIV status. Evidence of active HBV infection was found in 8%; 19% of these were actively infected with HDV. HDV was more common in hemophilia B patients after controlling for disease severity.

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Olfactory identification in HIV positive adults living in Benin city, Nigeria

International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery ◽

10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20191719 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 537

Author(s):

Oghogho E. Braimah ◽

Ngozi C. Onyeagwara

Keyword(s):

Hiv Positive ◽

Benin City ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Olfactory Identification ◽

Hiv Positive Adults ◽

The University ◽

Smell Identification ◽

Hiv Negative

Background: Olfactory function has been shown to be impaired in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The advent of anti-retroviral therapy has resulted in prolonged survival of these patients requiring increased focus on factors that affect their quality of life including olfaction.Methods: The study was conducted at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City. Consenting adult HIV positive patients were assisted to fill a proforma after which they had rigid nasendoscopy done to rule out peripheral causes of anosmia such as nasal infections, nasal polyps and tumours. The brief smell identification test (BSIT) scratch and sniff tests were then administered to those included in the study. The same procedure was repeated with consenting HIV negative subjects serving as control.Results: There was a statistically significant difference between olfactory identification ability of HIV positive and HIV negative adults (p=0.001). Cases were 2.92 times likely to have abnormal smell identification abilities than controls.Conclusions: Olfactory identification ability is reduced in PLWHA relative to the HIV negative population.

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A multicenter study of viral hepatitis in a United States hemophilic population

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v81.2.412.bloodjournal812412 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 81 (2) ◽

pp. 412-418 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

CL Troisi ◽

FB Hollinger ◽

WK Hoots ◽

C Contant ◽

J Gill ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Viral Hepatitis ◽

Hemophilia A ◽

Hbv Infection ◽

Hemophilia B ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Negative Group ◽

Hiv Status ◽

Positive Group ◽

Hdv Infection ◽

Hiv Negative

Hemophilia A and B patients seen at nine US regional treatment centers were tested for serologic markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis delta virus (HDV) during 1987 and 1988. Because human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, a potentially confounding variable, was present in 53% of the group, the population was divided by HIV status for analysis purposes. In the HIV-positive group (N = 382), less than 1% had not been infected with HBV, HCV, or HDV, whereas 75% had evidence of infection with HBV and 98% with HCV. HBsAg, a marker of active HBV infection, was present in 12% of subjects; 96% of these were HCV positive. Anti-HDV was detected in 35 subjects (9.1%); all were anti-HBc positive. Ten of the 35 (29%) also were positive for IgM anti-HDV, indicating current infection. All 10 were HBsAg positive and 7 of the 9 tested were HDV RNA positive. Severe/moderate hemophilia B patients were more likely to have experienced an HBV infection and to be anti-HDV positive than were similar hemophilia A patients (22% v 8%, P < .05). In the HIV-negative group (N = 345), the subjects were younger and had less severe hemophilia than the HIV-positive patients. No evidence of HBV, HCV, or HDV infection was found in 18%, whereas 33% had experienced HBV infection and 79% were anti-HCV positive. Within this group, 4% were HBsAg positive. All 13 subjects with anti-HDV (4% of the HIV-negative group) also possessed anti-HBc. One (7.7%) was IgM anti-HDV positive and the serum from another contained HDV RNA. Both of these individuals were HBsAg positive. As in the HIV-positive group, severe/moderate hemophilia B patients were more likely to be HBV and HDV positive than were hemophilia A patients (9% v 3%, P < .05). A prevalence study of viral hepatitis in a large US hemophilic population showed that active infection with HCV is common, occurring in 89% of all study patients regardless of HIV status. Evidence of active HBV infection was found in 8%; 19% of these were actively infected with HDV. HDV was more common in hemophilia B patients after controlling for disease severity.

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Outcomes of COVID-19 related hospitalisation among people with HIV in the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol UK Protocol: prospective observational study

10.1101/2020.08.07.20170449 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Anna Maria Geretti ◽

Alexander Stockdale ◽

Sophie Kelly ◽

Muge Cevik ◽

Simon Collins ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Severity ◽

Cox Regression ◽

Group Versus ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Negative Group ◽

Positive Group ◽

Obesity And Diabetes ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Related Hospitalisation ◽

Hiv Negative

Background. There is conflicting evidence about how HIV infection influences COVID-19. We compared the presentation characteristics and outcomes of people with and without HIV hospitalised with COVID-19 at 207 centres across the United Kingdom. Methods. We analysed data from people with laboratory confirmed or highly likely COVID-19 enrolled into the ISARIC CCP-UK study. The primary endpoint was day-28 mortality after presentation. We used Kaplan-Meier methods and Cox regression to describe the association with HIV status after adjustment for sex, ethnicity, age, indeterminate/probable hospital acquisition of COVID-19 (definite hospital acquisition excluded), presentation date, and presence/absence of ten comorbidities. We additionally adjusted for disease severity at presentation as defined by hypoxia/oxygen therapy. Findings. Among 47,539 patients, 115 (0.24%) had confirmed HIV-positive status and 103/115 (89.6%) had a record of antiretroviral therapy. At presentation, relative to the HIV-negative group, HIV-positive people were younger (median 55 versus 74 years; p<0.001), had a higher prevalence of obesity and moderate/severe liver disease, higher lymphocyte counts and C-reactive protein, and more systemic symptoms. The cumulative incidence of day-28 mortality was 25.2% in the HIV-positive group versus 32.1% in the HIV-negative group (p=0.12); however, stratification for age revealed a higher mortality among HIV-positive people aged below 60 years. The effect of HIV-positive status was confirmed in adjusted analyses (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.49, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.99-2.25; p=0.06). Following additional adjustment for disease severity at presentation, mortality was higher in HIV-positive people (adjusted HR 1.63; 95% CI 1.07-2.48; p=0.02). In the HIV-positive group, mortality was more common among those who were slightly older and among people with obesity and diabetes with complications. Interpretation. HIV-positive status may be associated with an increased risk of day-28 mortality following a COVID-19 related hospitalisation.

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Impulsivity, Sensation Seeking, and Risk-Taking Behaviors among HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Heroin Dependent Persons

AIDS Research and Treatment ◽

10.1155/2016/5323256 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Koosha Paydary ◽

Somayeh Mahin Torabi ◽

SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi ◽

Mehri Noori ◽

Alireza Noroozi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Risk Taking ◽

Sensation Seeking ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Negative Group ◽

Risky Decision ◽

Heroin Addicts ◽

Positive Group ◽

Risk Taking Behaviors ◽

Hiv Negative

Objective.The aim of this study was to compare impulsivity and risky decision making among HIV-positive and negative heroin dependent persons.Methods.We compared different dimensions of impulsivity and risky decision making in two groups of 60 HIV-positive and 60 HIV-negative male heroin dependent persons. Each group was comprised of equal numbers of current (treatment seeker) and former (abstinent) heroin addicts. Data collection tools included Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART), Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS), and Zuckerman Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS).Results.In SSS, comprised of four subscales including thrill and adventure seeking (TAS), experience seeking (ES), disinhibition (DIS), and boredom susceptibility (BS), there was a borderline difference in DIS (P=0.08) as HIV-positive group scored higher than HIV-negative group. Also, ES and total score were significantly higher among HIV-positive patients. In BART, HIV-positive subjects scored higher in risk taking than HIV-negative subjects as reflected in higher Average Number of puffs in Successful Balloons (ANSB). In BIS, HIV-positive group scored significantly higher in cognitive impulsivity (CI) (P=0.03) and nonplanning impulsivity (NPI) (P=0.05) in comparison to HIV-negative group. Also, current heroin addicts scored significantly higher in NPI compared to former addict HIV-negative participants (P=0.015). IGT did not show any significant difference between groups.Conclusion.Higher levels of impulsivity and risk taking behaviors among HIV-positive heroin addicts will increase serious concerns regarding HIV transmission from this group to other opiate dependents and healthy people.

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