scholarly journals Barren lives: drought shocks and agricultural vulnerability in the Brazilian Semi-Arid

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Lucas Costa ◽  
André Albuquerque Sant'Anna ◽  
Carlos Eduardo Frickman Young
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Agricultural Vulnerability ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Water Provision ◽  
Effects Of Drought ◽  
Crop Area ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Semi Arid

Abstract This paper studies the effects of drought shocks in a vulnerable environment – the Brazilian Semi-Arid. We analyze the impact of drought shocks, measured as deviations from long-run historical averages, on agricultural outcomes in a region that suffers recurrently from drought. After controlling for municipality and year fixed effects, we use weather shocks to exactly identify outcomes. Our benchmark results show substantial effects on the loss of crop area and on the value of agricultural output, as well as on crop yields. As we investigate distributional effects, our results show that crops related to familiar agriculture suffer more from drought shocks. We follow our investigation by testing heterogeneity effects and show that adequate water provision and maintenance of forest cover help in reducing the impact of drought shocks.

South Africa’s increasing climate variability and its effect on food production

2021 ◽  
pp. 003072702110049
Author(s):  
Mashudu Tshikovhi ◽  
Roscoe Bertrum van Wyk
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Climate Variability ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Fixed Effects Panel Regression ◽  
The Impact

This study examines the impact of increasing climate variability on food production in South Africa, focusing on maize and wheat yields. A two-way fixed effects panel regression model was used to assess the climate variability impacts, analysing secondary data for the period 2000 to 2019 for nine provinces in South Africa. The study found that increasing climate variability has a negative impact on maize and wheat production in South Africa. Specifically, the results indicated a negative correlation between mean annual temperature with both maize and wheat yields. A decrease in precipitation affected maize yields negatively, while the impact on wheat yields was positive, although insignificant. This analysis, therefore, depicted that crop yields generally increase with more annual precipitation and decrease with higher temperatures. The study recommends that funding initiatives to educate farmers on increasing climate variability and its effects on farming activities in South Africa should be prioritised.

scholarly journals Agricultural input subsidy and farmers outcomes in Tanzania

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bethuel Kinyanjui Kinuthia
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Government ◽  
Panel Fixed Effects ◽  
Agricultural Input ◽  
The Impact

This paper examines the impact of the government input subsidy—the National Agriculture Input Voucher—on farmers’ production and welfare in Tanzania as well as the factors that influence agricultural production in the country. The analysis is based on the Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture for 2008–13. The study uses panel fixed effects and difference-in-difference and propensity score matching methods to examine the two objectives. The results show that the input subsidy programme resulted in an initial increase in maize and rice production but not in the long run and only in a few regions. In addition, there was a decrease in total production in the southern region and the programme had little effect on farmers’ welfare. The results show that this programme only partly met the expected outcomes in Tanzania due to mistargeting, inaccurate identification of households, and poor implementation.

Tax Policy, Foreign Direct Investment and Spillover Effects in Africa 1

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 306-331
Author(s):  
Amadou Boly ◽  
Seydou Coulibaly ◽  
Eric N Kéré
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Host Country ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Fdi Inflows ◽  
Strategic Complementarity ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Dynamic Spatial Durbin Model

Abstract Foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows are crucial for economic development. To attract them, countries have typically used reductions in corporate income tax (CIT) rates. This paper empirically assesses the impact of such CIT rate changes on FDI net inflows in Africa. Using a dynamic spatial Durbin model with fixed effects, our results show that cuts in CIT rates increase FDI net inflows in the host country and in the neighbouring countries in the short and long run. These results are robust to the use of alternative spatial weighting matrices as well as the inclusion of additional controls in the baseline specification. Furthermore, we find a strategic complementarity in FDI inflows between the countries in our sample, suggesting that an increase in FDI inflows in a host country is likely to stimulate FDI inflows of its neighbours.

scholarly journals Legumes crop rotation can improve food and nutrition security in Nepal

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 123-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Pokhrel ◽  
S Pokhrel
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Nutrition Security ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Cost Controls ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
The Impact

An intensive review of the literatures was made to access the importance of crop rotation for sustainable agriculture in Nepal. Result shows that an appropriate crop sequences improves soil fertility, reduces fertilizer cost, controls soil erosion, makes environment healthy, increases crop yields and develop sustainable crop production in the long run. Based on the study, identification of location specific crop sequences, their extension and evaluation of the impact on food production are recommended. Agronomy Journal of Nepal (Agron JN) Vol. 3. 2013, Page 123-127 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajn.v3i0.9014

scholarly journals Pakistan’s Bilateral Trade under MFN and SAFTA: Do Institutional and Non-Institutional Arrangements Matter?

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasir Iqbal ◽  
Saima Nawaz
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Institutional Arrangements ◽  
Institutional Framework ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this study is two fold. First, to estimate the impact of institutional and non-institutional arrangements on bilateral trade, and second to analyse the impact of SAFTA on bilateral trade in the short as well as in the long run. The empirical analysis which is based on the panel of eight South Asian countries, comprising data over the period i.e. 1975–2013 is conducted using fixed effects model along with Pooled Mean-Group (PMG) estimator for estimating the short and long-run relationships. The analysis has shown that trade agreements including South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) and the Most Favoured Nation (MFN) are not effective in promoting trade, due to low institutional quality and stringent non-institutional arrangements, including high tariff along with low physical infrastructure. Further empirical analysis has shown that both SAFTA and MFN can only contribute to bilateral trade significantly, if complemented by institutional framework. As a policy lesson, to improve the trade ties between India and Pakistan, improvement in physical as well as soft infrastructure is required. Any trade agreements between the two, including MFN can only be effective, when it is supported by a well-defined and enforced institutional framework that ensure the implementation of policy reforms needed to reduce tariff rate and remove non-tariff barriers.

scholarly journals What Explains The Equity Risk Premium In ASEAN Countries?

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 1707
Author(s):  
Soo-Hyun Kim ◽  
Katherine Villalobos
Keyword(s):  
Error Correction ◽  
Risk Premium ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Correction Term ◽  
Equity Risk Premium ◽  
Macroeconomic Variables ◽  
Asean Member ◽  
Equity Risk ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Impact

This paper aims to mainly investigate the impact of the selected macroeconomic variables such as inflation (INF), gross domestic product (GDP), foreign direct investment (FDI) and stocks traded turn-over ratio (STTR) on equity risk premium (ERP) of six major ASEAN member countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam.  Applied methods are panel pooled regression and panel vector error correction model (VECM) through the latest version of Eviews9. In the former approach, among the selected macroeconomic variables, both INF and STTR significantly and positively affect the ERP. Both periods and years show to have fixed effects as dummy variables. One cointegration has been determined among macroeconomic variables and ERP suggesting a long term equilibrium association which led to employ Panel VECM. INF denotes a significant long-run relationship with ERP and the error correction term results suggest deviation of INF is a relevant factor but not the errors of liquidity as the STTR didn't show any significant impact in the model. Granger Casuality test suggests both INF and ERP do granger causes each other in the short run. Thus, inflation is a robust factor of ERP in two different methods while the STTR is not a robust as it shows different results. 

scholarly journals Natural disasters and regional development – the case of earthquakes

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 479-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marius Fabian ◽  
Christian Lessmann ◽  
Tim Sofke
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
National Level ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Moderating Factors ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Nighttime Lights ◽  
Panel Fixed Effects ◽  
The Impact

AbstractWe analyze the impact of earthquakes on nighttime lights at a sub-national level, i.e., on grids of different size. We argue that existing studies on the impact of natural disasters on economic development have several important limitations, both at the level of the outcome variable as well as at the level of the independent variable, e.g., the timing of an event and the measuring of its intensity. We aim to overcome these limitations by using geophysical event data on earthquakes together with satellite nighttime lights. Using panel fixed effects regressions covering the entire world for the period 1992–2013, we find that earthquakes reduce both light growth rates and light levels significantly. The effects persist for approximately 5 years, but we find no long-run effects. Effects are stronger the smaller the area of a unit of observation. National institutions and economic conditions are relevant moderating factors.

scholarly journals Does Trade Openness Affect Bank Risk-Taking Behavior? Evidence from BRICS Countries

Economies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Mizanur Rahman ◽  
Munni Begum ◽  
Badar Nadeem Ashraf ◽  
Md. Abdul Kaium Masud
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Bank Risk ◽  
Brics Countries ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Risk Taking Behavior ◽  
The Impact

In this paper, we examine the impact of trade openness on bank risk-taking behavior employing a panel dataset of 899 banks from the BRICS (i.e., Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) countries over the period 2000–2017. We find that higher trade openness lowers bank risk-taking. Our results are robust when we use alternative proxies of trade openness and bank risk-taking, estimate country-wise regressions, or use alternative estimation methods such as system Generalized Methods of Moments (GMM), fixed effects, pooled Ordinary Least Square (OLS), and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) models. We also observe higher trade openness decreases bank risk-taking in both the short and long run. Moreover, banks in more open countries perform relatively better during the crisis period further signifying the diversification benefits of openness. Together, our findings imply the beneficial impact of trade openness for financial sector stability.

scholarly journals The Impact of Institutional Quality on Economic Growth: Panel Evidence

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saima Nawaz ◽  
Nasir Iqbal ◽  
Muhammad Arshad Khan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Institutional Quality ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Asian Economies ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
Generalised Method Of Moments ◽  
The Impact

The aim of the present study is twofold. First, we develop a theoretical model which incorporates the role of institutions in promoting economic growth. The theoretical model predicts that rent seeking activities decrease as institutional quality improves, and hence income increases and vice versa. Second, we conduct an empirical analysis to quantify the impact of institutions on economic growth in selected Asian economies over the period 1996- 2012 by employing both static and dynamic panel system Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) technique with fixed effects. The empirical results reveal that institutions indeed are important in determining the long run economic growth in Asian economies. However, the impact of institutions on economic growth differs across Asian economies and depends on the level of economic development. The results reveal that institutions are more effective in developed Asia than developing Asia. This evidence implies that different countries require different set of institutions to promote long term economic growth. Keywords: Institutions, Economic Growth, Panel Evidence, Asia

scholarly journals Causality between Financial Development and Economic Growth: Evidence from10 Sub-Sahara African Countries (2002-2013)

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Gylych JELILOV ◽  
Chidiogo Mary ILE ◽  
Abdurahman ISIK ◽  
Kenneth DIYOKE
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Financial Development ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Fixed Effect Model ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Integration Test ◽  
Fixed Model ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

<p>This study empirically examines the impact and direction of causality between financial development and economic growth in 10sub-Saharan African countries for the period 2002 to 2013. The empirical investigation was carried out using the static panel data where three possible procedures were considered; the pooled (OLS); fixed effects (FE) and random effects (RE) methods, each with its underlying assumptions necessary to obtain unbiased and efficient estimates. Our results showed that the fixed model is preferred. This presupposes that the individual specific effects in each country’s development finance can no longer be ignored, in examining their impacts on the country’s economic growth. Also, the results of the co integration test, provides evidence of the existence of a long-run relationship between financial development and economic growth in all the countries studied. The fixed effect model results also indicate that financial development plays a causal role on economic growth, again in all the countries studied.  These findings imply that Sub-Sahara African countries can accelerate their economic growth by improving their financial systems.</p>

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