The Queen of the Chaghatayids: Orghīna Khātūn and the rule of Central Asia

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 107-120
Author(s):  
BRUNO DE NICOLA
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Exceptional Case ◽  
Political Arena ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mongol Empire ◽  
Different Parts

AbstractWhen Chinggis Khan died in 1227, his sons inherited different parts of the empire that had been built by their father. Chinggis Khan's second son, Chaghatai (d. c. 1241), became the ruler of the lands of present-day Central Asia, conforming the origin of what became to be known as the Chaghataid Khanate. After the death of its founder, this political entity experienced a long succession crisis that lasted for a decade until a woman, Orghīna Khātūn, took control of the khanate in the name of her son. Although a ruling woman is not an exceptional case in the Mongol empire, she was the first and only woman that ruled over the Chaghataid Khanate, and that did so peacefully and without major upheavals for nine years. Additionally, she did not adopt a passive role but was involved in the running of the khanate, playing her cards in the always-unstable political arena of the Mongol empire. This article looks at the ascension to the throne, the reign and the legacy of this Mongol woman in Mongol Central Asia by contextualising her rule within the history of the region in general and in that of the Mongol empire in particular.

scholarly journals International relations in the context of modern hybrid war

2018 ◽  
pp. 136-146
Author(s):  
Oleg Polishchuk
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Political Arena ◽  
Tension Level ◽  
Political Rivalry ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hybrid War ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Different Parts

The present paper considers the main approaches to definition and understanding of concept of hybrid war, the substantive provisions of the phenomenon of hybrid war and its features in the international relations are analyzed, absence of unified definition of concept of “hybrid war” in scientific field is stated, also pre-conditions of hybrid war development by a countryaggressor are considered. Actuality of problem. The problem of the “Hybrid War” due to the increase of the tension level is actualized, which ultimately leads to significant resource losses. All this affects on development of society and the state, as weal as on the all the processes that take place in them. Lately in different parts of the world there is a far of local and domestic conflicts that on the essence appear opposition of supercountries through aspiration to protect the interests and occupy leader positions on a world political arena. This problem puts further європейську and world safety under a threat. “Cold war” became one of main varieties of relations between countries during the last two centuries through intensifying of political rivalry and wars for diverse reasons. This position predetermines the necessity of deep and objective research of this phenomenon. Consequently it is very important to expose maintenance, pre-conditions of origin, basic signs and possible consequences of this destructive process from event on east of Ukraine. Also study of this problem predefined by the necessity of fight and evelopment of effective counterweapons, determination of ways of her avoidance to hybrid war in the future. Innovativeness of analysis of this problem appears through a look to hybrid war in Ukraine as a constituent of “cold war”, new landmark of history of opposition to Russia and the West, exposure of the personal touches of “cold war” in our time, establishment of conceptual positions of this concept and him specific lines in international relations.

The Empire of Tamerlane as an Adaptation of the Mongol Empire: An answer to David Morgan, “The Empire of Tamerlane: An Unsuccessful Re-Run of the Mongol State?”

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 281-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
BEATRICE F. MANZ
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Poetic Tradition ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
Regional State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mongol Empire ◽  
David Morgan ◽  
Letters Of Recommendation

AbstractI write this article in the spirit of the Persian poetic tradition, in which an answer to an earlier work takes off from the original and charts its own course. I will suggest that Tamerlane's recreation of the Mongol Empire was symbolic, and was part of his successful creation of a regional state which was at once Turco-Mongolian and Perso-Islamic. His experiment was continued and elaborated by his successors, and the resulting state provided a highly useful model for later dynasties in the Middle East and Central Asia.Through my long engagement with Mongols and Turks, David Morgan's influence and aid have been a constant advantage and his friendship a recurring pleasure. Our acquaintance began in 1987 with a kind letter he sent me after reading the manuscript forThe Rise and Rule of Tamerlanefor the Cambridge University Press. Since then I have profited from his scholarship, have used his two books to teach generations of students, and have called on him for uncountable letters of recommendation, always generously given. I also want to thank David for asking me to write the Mongol chapter for theNew Cambridge History of Islam, and thus attracting me into the Mongol period. It may seem odd to express my gratitude by writing an answer to David's article which is not entirely in agreement with his conclusions. I trust in the well-known openness of his mind and assume that he will take this in the spirit in which it is offered, as the continuation of many years of discussion.

Art. VII—The Northern Frontagers of China. Part III.— The Kara Khitai

1876 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-290
Author(s):  
H. H. Howorth
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Dominant Position ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mongol Empire ◽  
Do So

The history of Central Asia before the days of Jingis Khan is singularly complicated and obscure; and if we are to make our way among its mazes, we can only do so profitably by concentrating our attention on the larger empires which then floúrished, and integrating the scattered facts that have survived to our day about the lesser powers around them. The empire which held this dominant position at the accession of Jingis was that of Kara Khitai, a short-lived, but also an important power, which held sway with more or less authority from the Caspian to the borders of China, and thus formed in some measure a model, upon which the later Mongol Empire was framed, assisting, also, very considerably in its formation, since, when it fell, a large, disciplined and compact territory was added to it. With your permission, I propose to collect together so much of its history as I can meet with, and to clear up some difficulties that attach to it.

The Mongol Empire: a review article

1981 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-125
Author(s):  
D. O. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
English Translation ◽  
Review Article ◽  
The Past ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
History Of ◽  
Asian History ◽  
Mongol Empire

The publication of a new history of medieval Central Asia, over half of which is concerned with the empire of the Chingizid Mongols, provides an opportunity for a survey of a number of books on that subject that have appeared during the past decade. Professor Kwanten's book is, more or less avowedly, an attempt to replace Rene Grousset'sL'empire des steppesas the standard introduction to Central Asian history. I begin, then, with the English translation of Grousset's celebrated book.

Christianity in the Twentieth Century

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Stanley
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Racial Identity ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Central Importance ◽  
Regional Survey ◽  
History Of Christianity ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Different Parts

This book charts the transformation of one of the world's great religions during an age marked by world wars, genocide, nationalism, decolonization, and powerful ideological currents, many of them hostile to Christianity. The book traces how Christianity evolved from a religion defined by the culture and politics of Europe to the expanding polycentric and multicultural faith it is today—one whose growing popular support is strongest in sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, China, and other parts of Asia. The book sheds critical light on themes of central importance for understanding the global contours of modern Christianity, illustrating each one with contrasting case studies, usually taken from different parts of the world. Unlike other books on world Christianity, this one is not a regional survey or chronological narrative, nor does it focus on theology or ecclesiastical institutions. The book provides a history of Christianity as a popular faith experienced and lived by its adherents, telling a compelling and multifaceted story of Christendom's fortunes in Europe, North America, and across the rest of the globe. It demonstrates how Christianity has had less to fear from the onslaughts of secularism than from the readiness of Christians themselves to accommodate their faith to ideologies that privilege racial identity or radical individualism.

RISHTAN SCHOOL OF CERAMICS

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-77
Author(s):  
Akmal Marozikov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
The World ◽  
Ferghana Valley ◽  
History Of ◽  
Made In ◽  
National Style

Ceramics is an area that has a long history of making clay bowls, bowls, plates,pitchers, bowls, bowls, bowls, pots, pans, toys, building materials and much more.Pottery developed in Central Asia in the XII-XIII centuries. Rishtan school, one of the oldest cities in the Ferghana Valley, is one of the largest centers of glazed ceramics inCentral Asia. Rishtan ceramics and miniatures are widely recognized among the peoples of the world and are considered one of the oldest cities in the Ferghana Valley. The article discusses the popularity of Rishtan masters, their products made in the national style,and works of art unique to any region

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