scholarly journals International relations in the context of modern hybrid war

2018 ◽  
pp. 136-146
Author(s):  
Oleg Polishchuk
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Political Arena ◽  
Tension Level ◽  
Political Rivalry ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hybrid War ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Different Parts

The present paper considers the main approaches to definition and understanding of concept of hybrid war, the substantive provisions of the phenomenon of hybrid war and its features in the international relations are analyzed, absence of unified definition of concept of “hybrid war” in scientific field is stated, also pre-conditions of hybrid war development by a countryaggressor are considered. Actuality of problem. The problem of the “Hybrid War” due to the increase of the tension level is actualized, which ultimately leads to significant resource losses. All this affects on development of society and the state, as weal as on the all the processes that take place in them. Lately in different parts of the world there is a far of local and domestic conflicts that on the essence appear opposition of supercountries through aspiration to protect the interests and occupy leader positions on a world political arena. This problem puts further європейську and world safety under a threat. “Cold war” became one of main varieties of relations between countries during the last two centuries through intensifying of political rivalry and wars for diverse reasons. This position predetermines the necessity of deep and objective research of this phenomenon. Consequently it is very important to expose maintenance, pre-conditions of origin, basic signs and possible consequences of this destructive process from event on east of Ukraine. Also study of this problem predefined by the necessity of fight and evelopment of effective counterweapons, determination of ways of her avoidance to hybrid war in the future. Innovativeness of analysis of this problem appears through a look to hybrid war in Ukraine as a constituent of “cold war”, new landmark of history of opposition to Russia and the West, exposure of the personal touches of “cold war” in our time, establishment of conceptual positions of this concept and him specific lines in international relations.

scholarly journals International relations in 21 century: the place and role Ukraine

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 37-43
Author(s):  
О. О. Поліщук
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
International Relations ◽  
The West ◽  
Tension Level ◽  
Political Rivalry ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hybrid War ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Different Parts

The present paper considers the main approaches to definition and understanding of concept of hybrid war,the substantive provisions of the phenomenon of hybrid war and its features in the international relations areanalyzed, absence of unified definition of concept of “hybrid war” in scientific field is stated, also pre-conditionsof hybrid war development by a country-aggressor are considered.Actuality of problem. The problem of the “Hybrid War” due to the increase of the tension level is actualized,which ultimately leads to significant resource losses. All this affects on development of society and the state, asweal as on the all the processes that take place in them.Lately in different parts of the world there is a far of local and domestic conflicts that on the essence appearopposition of supercountries through aspiration to protect the interests and occupy leader positions on a worldpolitical arena. This problem puts further European and world safety under a threat.«Cold war» became one of main varieties of relations between countries during the last two centuries throughintensifying of political rivalry and wars for diverse reasons.This position predetermines the necessity of deep and objective research of this phenomenon. Consequentlyit is very important to expose maintenance, pre-conditions of origin, basic signs and possible consequences ofthis destructive process from event on east of Ukraine. Also study of this problem predefined by the necessityof fight and development of effective counterweapons, determination of ways of its avoidance to hybrid warin the future. Innovativeness of analysis of this problem appears through a look to hybrid war in Ukraine asa constituent of «cold war», new landmark of history of opposition to Russia and the West, exposure of thepersonal touches of «cold war» in our time, establishment of conceptual positions of this concept and its specificlines in international relations.

State Failure and the Political Violence Phenomenon: A Comparative Analysis of Iraq and Syria Cases

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 170 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Eylem Özkaya Lassalle
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
State Failure ◽  
The Political ◽  
Collective Violence ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Cold War

The concept of failed state came to the fore with the end of the Cold War, the collapse of the USSR and the disintegration of Yugoslavia. Political violence is central in these discussions on the definition of the concept or the determination of its dimensions (indicators). Specifically, the level of political violence, the type of political violence and intensity of political violence has been broached in the literature. An effective classification of political violence can lead us to a better understanding of state failure phenomenon. By using Tilly’s classification of collective violence which is based on extent of coordination among violent actors and salience of short-run damage, the role played by political violence in state failure can be understood clearly. In order to do this, two recent cases, Iraq and Syria will be examined.

Prologue

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter D. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Cultural Diversity ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Cultural Expression ◽  
Intangible Heritage ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Print Literacy

The section introduces Part II, which spans the period 1946 to 2014, by tracing the history of the debates about culture within UNESCO from 1947 to 2009. It considers the central part print literacy played in the early decades, and the gradual emergence of what came to be called ‘intangible heritage’; the political divisions of the Cold War that had a bearing not just on questions of the state and its role as a guardian of culture but on the idea of cultural expression as a commodity; the slow shift away from an exclusively intellectualist definition of culture to a more broadly anthropological one; and the realpolitik surrounding the debates about cultural diversity since the 1990s. The section concludes by showing how at the turn of the new millennium UNESCO caught up with the radical ways in which Tagore and Joyce thought about linguistic and cultural diversity.

National Internationalists: British and West German Protests against Nuclear Weapons, the Politics of Transnational Communications and the Social History of the Cold War, 1957–1964

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 559-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
HOLGER NEHRING
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Social History ◽  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
Political Movements ◽  
Protest Movements ◽  
The Social ◽  
Political Traditions ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cold War

This article examines the politics of communication between British and West German protesters against nuclear weapons in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The interpretation suggested here historicises the assumptions of ‘transnational history’ and shows the nationalist and internationalist dimensions of the protest movements' histories to be inextricably connected. Both movements related their own aims to global and international problems. Yet they continued to observe the world from their individual perspectives: national, regional and local forms thus remained important. By illuminating the interaction between political traditions, social developments and international relations in shaping important political movements within two European societies, this article can provide one element of a new connective social history of the cold war.

DETERMINATION OF POLYPHENOLIC COMPOUNDS OF LYSIMACHIA NUMMULARIA L.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suciu Felicia ◽  
Roșca Adrian Cosmin ◽  
Lupu Carmen ◽  
Popescu Antoanela ◽  
Badea Victoria
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Process ◽  
Polyphenolic Compounds ◽  
Polyphenol Content ◽  
Total Polyphenol ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Total Polyphenol Content ◽  
History Of ◽  
Different Parts

"The history of medicinal plants is associated with the evolution of civilization. In all regions of the world, the history of nations shows that these plants have always occupied an important place in medicine, in cosmetic products, and culinary preparations. The paper aims to determine the total polyphenols in different parts of the species Lysimachia nummularia L. In our study, we focused on the extraction of polyphenolic compounds in different solvents. The solvents used in the extraction were: 40% ethanol, concentrated methanol, in water. The total polyphenol content was determined by spectrophotometric methods, a method from the European Pharmacopoeia 10.0, with minor modifications. The total polyphenol content of different extracts varied depending on the extraction process. Different parts of the plant and different solvents were used in the determinations carried out to establish the optimal extraction method for the organs of Lysimachia nummularia L."

Brain Death

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anupamaa Seshadri ◽  
Ali Salim
Keyword(s):  
Brain Death ◽  
Apnea Test ◽  
Brainstem Reflex ◽  
Practice Parameters ◽  
Confirmatory Tests ◽  
History Of ◽  
Pediatric Populations ◽  
Definition Of

The concept of “brain death” is one that has been controversial over time, requiring the development of clear guidelines to diagnose and give prognoses for patients after devastating neurologic injury. This review discusses the history of the definition of brain death, as well as the most recent guidelines and practice parameters on the determination of brain death in both the adult and pediatric populations. We provide specific and detailed instructions on the various clinical tests required, including the brain death neurologic examination and the apnea test, and discuss pitfalls in the diagnosis of brain death. This review also considers the most recent literature and guidelines as to the role of confirmatory tests making this diagnosis.  Key Words: apnea test, brain death, brainstem reflex, death examination

Terminological Entrepreneurs and Discursive Shifts in International Relations: How a Discipline Invented the “International Regime”

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Steffek ◽  
Marcus Müller ◽  
Hartmut Behr
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Regime Theory ◽  
International Regime ◽  
Corpus Linguistic ◽  
Digital Discourse ◽  
Disciplinary History ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Linguistic Methods

Abstract The disciplinary history of international relations (IR) is usually told as a succession of theories or “isms” that are connected to academic schools. Echoing the increasing criticism of this narrative, we present in this article a new perspective on the discipline. We introduce concepts from linguistics and its method of digital discourse analysis (DDA) to explore discursive shifts and terminological entrepreneurship in IR. DDA directs attention away from schools of thought and “heroic figures” who allegedly invented new theories. As we show exemplarily with the rise of “regime theory,” there were entire generations of IR scholars who (more or less consciously) developed new vocabularies to frame and address their common concerns. The terminological history of “international regime” starts in nineteenth century international law, in which French authors already used “régime” to describe transnational forms of governance that were more than a treaty but less than an international organization. Only in the 1980s, however, was an explicit definition of “international regime” forged in American IR, which combined textual elements already in use. We submit that such observations can change the way in which we understand, narrate, and teach the discipline of IR. DDA decenters IR theory from its traditional focus on schools and individuals and suggests unlearning established taxonomies of “isms.” The introduction of corpus linguistic methods to the study of academic IR can thus provide new epistemological directions for the field.

A propos de l'histoire du continent africain

1953 ◽  
Vol S6-III (4-6) ◽  
pp. 459-470
Author(s):  
Henri Termier ◽  
G. Termier
Keyword(s):  
Structural Evolution ◽  
African Continent ◽  
Spatial Unit ◽  
The Earth ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Orogenic Cycle ◽  
Different Parts

Abstract The definition of a unit of structural evolution which can be applied to Precambrian as well as to younger areas is discussed, and the spatial unit "orogen" is selected as the most suitable term for such a unit. It means any zone in which orogenic movements occur. This term is broader than "geosyncline," for such movements are not limited to geosynclines. The orogens of the different parts of the earth vary greatly in dimension, form, and situation with respect to older zones. The stages of a "drama" (a term preferred to "orogenic cycle") are outlined and applied to an interpretation of the history of the African continent.

Exact determination of critical damping in multiple exponential kernel-based viscoelastic single-degree-of-freedom systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (12) ◽  
pp. 3843-3861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Lázaro
Keyword(s):  
Past History ◽  
Degree Of Freedom ◽  
Single Degree Of Freedom ◽  
Single Degree ◽  
Critical Curves ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Analytical Expressions ◽  
Critical Damping

In this paper, exact closed forms of critical damping manifolds for multiple-kernel-based nonviscous single-degree-of-freedom oscillators are derived. The dissipative forces are assumed to depend on the past history of the velocity response via hereditary exponential kernels. The damping model depends on several parameters, considered variables in the context of this paper. Those parameter combinations which establish thresholds between induced overdamped and underdamped motion are called critical damping manifolds. If such manifolds are represented on a coordinate plane of two damping parameters, then they are named critical curves, so that overdamped regions are bounded by them. Analytical expressions of critical curves are deduced in parametric form, considering certain local nondimensional parameters based on the Laplace variable in the frequency domain. The definition of the new parameter (called the critical parameter) is supported by several theoretical results. The proposed expressions are validated through numerical examples showing perfect fitting of the determined critical curves and overdamped regions.

scholarly journals RAYMOND WILLIAMS'S “STRUCTURE OF FEELING” AND THE PROBLEM OF DEMOCRATIC VALUES IN BRITAIN, 1938–1961

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1133-1161
Author(s):  
STUART MIDDLETON
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Intellectual History ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Democratic Politics ◽  
Literary Critic ◽  
Democratic Values ◽  
Democratic Culture ◽  
Moral Standards ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of

This article traces a history of the literary critic and theorist Raymond Williams’s idea of the “structure of feeling”, the formation of which is situated within debates about the place of artistic and moral values in democratic politics during the 1940s and 1950s. It demonstrates that the “structure of feeling” was intended to circumvent an equation of collective normative legislation with totalitarianism in the early cultural Cold War, by conceiving the definition of values as a process upon which all individuals in a society were always, necessarily, engaged. In articulating this quasi-democratic account of the production of artistic and moral standards, Williams also sought to escape the various theories of “minority culture” that dominated literary and cultural criticism in mid-century Britain. However, his concept of the “structure of feeling” required him to maintain a privileged role for artistic and intellectual arbiters, which constrained his vision of a properly democratic culture. In conclusion, the article argues that the problem of “democratic values” that Williams addressed in his work of the 1950s was a major factor in the marginalization or exclusion of moral criticism from political argument in Britain after 1945, and suggests that this passage of intellectual history may therefore be of considerable importance to contemporary debates about the lineages and reform of, in a broad sense, neoliberal political economy.

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