The effects of wilting of grass prior to ensiling on the response to bacterial inoculation. 2. Intake and performance by dairy cattle over three harvests

1996 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Patterson ◽  
T. Yan ◽  
F. J. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Period Change ◽  
Design Experiment ◽  
Bacterial Inoculation ◽  
Reduced Fat ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Fat Yield ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

AbstractFour silages (unwilted with and without inoculant, and wilted with and without inoculant) were prepared from perennial ryegrass swards at each of three harvests over the growing season. The four silages from each of the first (primary growth), second (first regrowth) and third (second regrowth) harvests were offered ad libitum to 48 dairy cows during periods 2, 1 and 3 respectively, in a two (control and additive) × two (unwilted and wilted) × three (harvest (period)) change-over design experiment with 8-week experimental periods. The animals also received a concentrate supplement at 7·0, 6·1 and 5·2 kg dry matter (DM) per day in the first, second and third periods respectively. The supplement was based on barley, molasses and soya-bean meal.There were significant interactions between inoculation and wilting across the three harvests on silage DM intake (F<0-01), milk yield (P<0·05), and outputs of fat (P<0·01) and protein (P<0·05). Inoculation had no significant effects on silage intake and milk production across the unwilted and wilted silages. However, within the unwilted silages, inoculation significantly increased silage DM intake by 0·46 kg/day (P < 0·05) and fat yield by 0·032 kg/day (P<0·05). In contrast, within the wilted silages inoculation significantly reduced fat yield by 0·030 kg/day (P < 0·05). Wilting of grass prior to ensiling significantly increased silage DM intake by 0·73 kg/day (P <0·001), milk yield by 0·42 kg/day (P<0·05), fat yield by 0·053 kg/day (P < 0·001) and protein yield by 0·047 kg/day (P < 0·001) across the inoculant-treated and untreated silages. The effects however were mainly derived from the untreated silages as within the inoculant-treated materials the differences in silage intake and milk yield were not significant between unwilted and wilted treatments. The results of the current experiment indicate that wilting with no additive significantly improved silage intake and milk production, but otherwise the improvement was reduced with wilting following inoculation. Inoculation significantly increased silage intake and fat yield when used with the unwilted grass, but it significantly reduced fat yield when used with the wilted grass.

Effects of bacterial inoculation of unwilted and wilted grass silages. 2. Intake, performance and eating behaviour by dairy cattle

1998 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. PATTERSON ◽  
T. YAN ◽  
F. J. GORDON ◽  
D. J. KILPATRICK
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Period Change ◽  
Eating Rate ◽  
Bacterial Inoculation ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Soyabean Meal ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Performance

Four grass silages, namely unwilted and wilted silages each with and without bacterial inoculation, were prepared on each of eight harvesting occasions during the 1994 growing season (Yan et al. 1998). The four silages, made at each harvest, were offered ad libitum to 48 lactating dairy cows in a 2 (control v. additive)×2 (unwilted v. wilted)×8 (harvest (period)) change-over design experiment with 3-week experimental periods. The animals also received 6·9 kg dry matter (DM) of a concentrate supplement daily during the first period and then the allowance of the supplement was reduced by 0·43 kg DM at the start of each subsequent period. The supplement was based on barley, molasses and soyabean meal. The data presented are the mean results obtained across the eight harvests.No significant interactions were found between inoculation and wilting for silage intake, performance and silage eating behaviour. Inoculation significantly increased milk yield (2·4%, P<0·05) and lactose output in milk (2·3%, P<0·05) across the unwilted and wilted silages. These increases following inoculation in general arose equally from both the unwilted and wilted silages. However, inoculation of either the unwilted or wilted silages had no significant effects on silage DM intake, milk composition, or silage eating behaviour. Wilting significantly increased silage DM intake (20·1%, P<0·001), milk yield (2·8%, P<0·05) and the concentrations (P<0·001) and yields (P<0·01) of both fat and protein across the untreated and inoculant-treated silages. The increases following wilting derived equally from both the untreated and inoculant-treated silages. Wilting also significantly influenced silage eating behaviour with a significant decrease following wilting in number of meals per day (6·5%, P<0·05) and an increase in eating rate (kg DM per eating hour) (29·7%, P<0·001) across the untreated and inoculant-treated silages. These results indicate that inoculation of the unwilted and wilted silages produced similar increases in milk production. Large positive responses in silage DM intake and performance were recorded following wilting with both the untreated and inoculant-treated silages.

The effects of feeding high concentrations of molasses and supplementing with nitrogen and unprotected tallow on intake and performance of dairy cows

1997 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Yan ◽  
D. J. Roberts ◽  
J. Higginbotham
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

AbstractA series of three replicated 3 × 3 Latin-square design experiments was carried out with lactating dairy cows (15 in experiments 1 and 3, and 18 in experiment 2). The objectives of these experiments were to investigate if the feeding of high concentrations of molasses would be detrimental to the performance or health of cows, and if the strategic supplementation of nitrogen or unprotected fat could enhance the efficiency of molasses feeding. In experiment 1, complete diets were based on grass silage with three inclusion rates of a liquid molasses-based supplement (Molaferm 20) to supply molasses dry matter (DM) of 125, 250 and 375 g/kg DM respectively. In experiment 2, the control diet contained (g/kg DM) 460 grass silage, 310 'molaferm 20' and 192 barley and 22 soya-bean meal, and was then supplemented with urea (12 g/kg DM) or soya-bean meal (177 g/kg DM). In experiment 3, the control diet was based on (g/kg DM) grass silage (460), molaferm 20 (310), barley (130), soya-bean meal (65) and oatfeed (20). Two concentrations, low and high, of unprotected tallow were added to the control diet (12·5 and 25·8 g/kg DM, respectively).In experiment 1, cows suffered from some scouring on the highest molasses treatment, but recovered when changed to either the medium or low molasses treatment. However, there were no clinical symptoms of ill health observed during experiments 2 and 3. In experiment 1, animal intake and performance on the diets containing molasses DM of 125, 250 and 375 g/kg DM respectively were: total DM intake, 12·8, 16·2 and 18·6 kg/day (s.e.d. 1·03, P < 0·001); milk yield, 15·5,17·4 and 17·6 kg/day (s.e.d. 0·53, low v. medium or high, P < 0·01); fat concentration, 39·6, 39·7 and 40·0g/kg (s.e.d. 0·70, P>0·05); protein concentration, 31·6, 32·7 and 33·6g/kg (s.e.d. 0·22, P < 0·05). In experiment 2, supplementation of the control diet both with urea and soya-bean meal significantly increased DM intake (P < 0·01); milk yield (P < 0·01) and protein concentration in milk (P < 0·05), but had no significant effects on fat concentration in milk (P > 0·05). In experiment 3, there were no significant differences in DM intake between the three treatments. However, supplementation with both low and high concentrations of unprotected tallow significantly increased milk yield (P < 0·01) and significantly decreased fat (P < 0·01) and protein (P < 0·001) concentrations in milk.It is concluded that lactating dairy cows could be given molasses up to 250 g/kg DM in grass silage-based complete diets without adverse effects on milk production or health. When a diet contained a high concentration of molasses (248 g/kg DM), supplementation with urea and soya-bean meal increased intake and milk production, and supplementation with unprotected tallow also increased milk yield, but fat and protein concentrations in milk were decreased.

The use of short-term secretion rate measurements for estimating the milk production of suckler cows

1978 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. L. P. Le Du ◽  
R. D. Baker ◽  
J. M. Barker
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Secretion Rate ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Beef Cow ◽  
Total Milk ◽  
Fat Yield ◽  
Good Agreement

SummaryTwo experiments with dairy cows and one with suckler cows and their calves were conducted to examine the use of secretion rate measurements for estimating total milk production. In the first experiment both 4- and 6- h intervals between measurements gave similar estimates of total 7-d milk yield. The second experiment compared estimated and measured milk composition as well as yield. Milk and solids-not-fat yields were underestimated with dairy cows as a result of an extended milking interval before measurement. However, fat yield was overestimated, indicating that all residual milk was not removed at the first oxytocinaided milking. It was concluded that for the beef cow, previous interval effects would be eliminated by the frequency of calf suckling, but that residual milk effects might cause a 3–6% and a 16% overestimation of milk and fat yields respectively.In the third experiment, the milk yield of suckler cows was estimated from measurements of secretion rate and from changes in calf weight; good agreement was obtained provided there were at least 3 consecutive controlled sucklings.

The effect of protein source on the performance of suckling Chios ewes and Damascus goats

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Hadjipanayiotou ◽  
E. Georghiades ◽  
A. Koumas
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Outflow Rate ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Supplemental Protein

AbstractTwo trials, one with 36 twin-suckling Chios ewes and the other with 32 twin-suckling Damascus goats, were conducted to study the effect of protein source (fish meal v. soya-bean meal) on the pre-weaning milk yield of the dams, and the growth performance of their offspring. The control (C) concentrate mixture was similar in both trials, using soya-bean meal (SBM) (195 kg/t) as a source of supplemental protein. In the experimental diet (FME) of the ewe trial, SBM was replaced completely by fish meal (FM) whereas in the goat trial (FMG) 83 kg of SBM were replaced by 50 kg FM. Dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradation of the three isonitrogenous mixtures were measured using nylon bags incubated in the rumens (2, 6, 16, 24 and 32 h) of three Damascus goats. There were no significant differences between mixtures for DM and CP effective degradability at 005 per h outflow rate. At 0·08 per h outflow rate however, lower degradability values were obtained with the FME than with the C diet. There were differences in the effective CP degradability of SBM and FM used in the ewe trial, but the FM used in the goat trial was of higher CP degradability and similar to that of SBM. Ewes on FM produced more milk than those on the control diet (C 3·44 v. FME 3·84 kg/day), whereas milk yield of goats was similar in the two treatments (C 3·87 v. FMG 3·82 kg/day). There were no differences between treatments for ewe milk fat (C 44 v. FME 43 g/kg) or protein concentration (C 54 v. FME 53 g/kg). Goats on fish meal (FMG) produced milk of higher protein (C 37 v. FMG 40 g/kg), but of similar fat (C 42 v. FMG 43 g/kg) concentration to those on the SBM (C) diet. With the exception of the better conversion (milk: gain ratio) efficiency (C 5·17 v. FME 4·44) of male lambs sucking ewes on the FM diet, no other differences were observed in the performance of lambs or kids. Lambs consumed less milk than kids (lambs: males 4·69, females 5·13; kids: males 6·63, females 6·98) per unit of weight gain.

Genetic Polymorphism in Prolactin Gene and its Effect on Test Day Milk Production Traits in Sahiwal Cattle

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Karuthadurai ◽  
A.K. Chakravarty ◽  
A. Kumaresan ◽  
D.N. Das ◽  
A. Sakthivel Selvan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Polymorphism ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Direct Sequencing ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Prolactin Gene ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
Sahiwal Cattle ◽  
Fat Yield

Background: The selection of genetically superior animals at an early stage of life, the molecular markers are used along with traditional selection. The study was carried out to identify the genetic polymorphism in the exon3 region of the Prolactin and enumerate its effect on milk production performance in Sahiwal cattle. Prolactin plays an imperative regulatory role in mammary gland development, milk emission and lactogenesis. Analysed the sequence of this gene to explore whether mutations in this sequence and it could be accountable for quantitative variations in milk production and its composition traits.Methods: Total DNA was isolated from the blood samples of 98 pedigreed Sahiwal population. Using PCR-RFLP method and direct sequencing, noticed a single-nucleotide polymorphism in exon3 region of the Prolactin gene in 156bp and also the effect of non- genetic factors on each trait was assessed by least-squares analysis for non-orthogonal data by a fixed model.Result: PCR-RFLP was done with RsaI restriction endonuclease for the identification of different genotypes. The frequency of G and A alleles of the Prolactin gene was evaluated as 0.575 and 0.425, whereas the frequencies of GG, GA and AA genotypes for the Prolactin gene were 0.45, 0.25 and 0.30, respectively. SNP (G55A) conferred an increase in test-day milk yield around 321.5g, in test day fat yield around 13.9g and in test day SNF yield increase was 19.4g, respectively. High correlation was perceived from test day (TD2) onwards between test day traits and lactation milk yield indicating that selection based on identified SNP in TD2 increased test day milk yield, fat yield and SNF yield by 1.1472 kg, 29.6gm and 45.4gm, respectively.

Effects of protein source, formaldehyde treatment and rumen-protected methionine on the metabolism and performance of pregnant and lactating ewes fed straw

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 ◽  
pp. 54-54
Author(s):  
D. Handford ◽  
S.E. Pattinson ◽  
R.G. Wilkinson ◽  
L.A. Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Protein ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Current Experiment ◽  
Biological Value ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

Fishmeal is a suitable protein source for pregnant and lactating ewes, providing higher levels of undegradable protein than vegetable protein sources, with an improved biological value (Robinson, 1987). Vegetable protein sources may however be improved by formaldehyde treatment to reduce protein degradability and by the addition of rumen-protected amino acids. The objective of the current experiment was to compare the effects of feeding concentrates containing fishmeal with concentrates containing soya-bean meal, formaldehyde treated soya-bean meal and formaldehyde treated soya-bean meal with rumen-protected methionine.

The effects of postruminal supplements of casein and of soya-protein isolate with or without additional amino acids on silage intake and milk production in dairy cows

1992 ◽  
Vol 1992 ◽  
pp. 202-202
Author(s):  
Jai-Jun Choung ◽  
David G. Chamberlain
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Protein Isolate ◽  
Soya Protein ◽  
Soya Protein Isolate ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

When the proteins are given direct into the abomasum of dairy cows receiving diets based on grass silage, casein produces much greater responses of milk production than do equivalent amounts of soya-protein (Choung and Chamberlain 1991a, b). However, the cause of these differences of response is not known. In feeding trials, supplementation of silage diets containing soya bean meal with rumen-protected forms of the amino acids thought to be most limiting, methionine and lysine, has been without effect (Girdler et al 1988).

The effects of bacterial inoculation of unwilted and wilted grass silages on digestibility by sheep and intake and performance by dairy cows

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 66-66
Author(s):  
T. Yan ◽  
D.C. Patterson ◽  
F.J. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Bacterial Inoculation ◽  
Bacterial Inoculants ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Two Parameters

In a previous study carried out at this Institute the application of a bacterial inoculant to unwilted grass at ensiling produced significant increases in silage DM intake and milk production across 3 harvests, while the use of the inoculant with wilted grass silages indicated no benefits in those two parameters (Yan, Patterson and Gordon, 1995). The reason for the lack of improvement when the inoculant was used with wilted grass silages was unclear, but could partially reflect greater potential rates of aerobic deterioration with wilted inoculated than wilted untreated silages during the feeding-out period. The present study was designed to further investigate the effects of inoculation of both unwilted and wilted grass silages.A set of four silages, comprising unwilted and wilted material, both with and without application of one of four bacterial inoculants at ensiling, was prepared from perennial ryegrass swards on each of 8 harvesting occasions during 1994.

scholarly journals Associations between polymorphisms of SLC22A7, NGFR, ARNTL and PPP2R2B genes and Milk production traits in Chinese Holstein

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruike Jia ◽  
Yihan Fu ◽  
Lingna Xu ◽  
Houcheng Li ◽  
Yanhua Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Association Analysis ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Milk Production Traits ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Protein Percentage ◽  
Fat Yield ◽  
Percentage Protein

Abstract Background Our preliminary work confirmed that, SLC22A7 (solute carrier family 22 member 7), NGFR (nerve growth factor receptor), ARNTL (aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator like) and PPP2R2B (protein phosphatase 2 regulatory subunit Bβ) genes were differentially expressed in dairy cows during different stages of lactation, and involved in the lipid metabolism through insulin, PI3K-Akt, MAPK, AMPK, mTOR, and PPAR signaling pathways, so we considered these four genes as the candidates affecting milk production traits. In this study, we detected polymorphisms of the four genes and verified their genetic effects on milk yield and composition traits in a Chinese Holstein cow population. Results By resequencing the whole coding region and part of the flanking region of SLC22A7, NGFR, ARNTL and PPP2R2B, we totally found 20 SNPs, of which five were located in SLC22A7, eight in NGFR, three in ARNTL, and four in PPP2R2B. Using Haploview4.2, we found three haplotype blocks including five SNPs in SLC22A7, eight in NGFR and three in ARNTL. Single-SNP association analysis showed that 19 out of 20 SNPs were significantly associated with at least one of milk yield, fat yield, fat percentage, protein yield or protein percentage in the first and second lactations (P < 0.05). Haplotype-based association analysis showed that the three haplotypes were significantly associated with at least one of milk yield, fat yield, fat percentage, protein yield or protein percentage (P < 0.05). Further, we used SOPMA software to predict a SNP, 19:g.37095131C > T in NGFR, changed the structure of NGFR protein. In addition, we used Jaspar software to found that four SNPs, 19:g.37113872C > G,19:g.37113157C > T, and 19:g.37112276C > T in NGFR and 15:g.39320936A > G in ARNTL, could change the transcription factor binding sites and might affect the expression of the corresponding genes. These five SNPs might be the potential functional mutations for milk production traits in dairy cattle. Conclusions In summary, we proved that SLC22A7, NGFR, ARNTL and PPP2R2B have significant genetic effects on milk production traits. The valuable SNPs can be used as candidate genetic markers for genomic selection of dairy cattle, and the effects of these SNPs on other traits need to be further verified.

The effects of abomasal infusions of glucose or casein on milk yield and on some blood constituents of dairy cows in early and late lactations

1984 ◽  
Vol 1984 ◽  
pp. 73-73
Author(s):  
L. Istasse ◽  
E.R. Ørskov
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Blood Constituents ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Abomasal Infusion ◽  
Fat Yield

Abomasal infusion of casein has been shown to increase the milk yield, fat yield, protein content and protein yield while no clear-cut effects were observed with infusion of glucose (Ørskov, Grubb and Kay, 1977 and confirmed by Oldham, Bines and MacRae, 1983). Little information is available about the changes in blood parameters with abomasal infusion of glucose or casein. The objective of the present experiments was to relate changes in milk production to blood parameters in dairy cows given casein or glucose as an infusion into the abomasum during early or late lactation.

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