The effect of protein source on the performance of suckling Chios ewes and Damascus goats

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Hadjipanayiotou ◽  
E. Georghiades ◽  
A. Koumas
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Outflow Rate ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Supplemental Protein

AbstractTwo trials, one with 36 twin-suckling Chios ewes and the other with 32 twin-suckling Damascus goats, were conducted to study the effect of protein source (fish meal v. soya-bean meal) on the pre-weaning milk yield of the dams, and the growth performance of their offspring. The control (C) concentrate mixture was similar in both trials, using soya-bean meal (SBM) (195 kg/t) as a source of supplemental protein. In the experimental diet (FME) of the ewe trial, SBM was replaced completely by fish meal (FM) whereas in the goat trial (FMG) 83 kg of SBM were replaced by 50 kg FM. Dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradation of the three isonitrogenous mixtures were measured using nylon bags incubated in the rumens (2, 6, 16, 24 and 32 h) of three Damascus goats. There were no significant differences between mixtures for DM and CP effective degradability at 005 per h outflow rate. At 0·08 per h outflow rate however, lower degradability values were obtained with the FME than with the C diet. There were differences in the effective CP degradability of SBM and FM used in the ewe trial, but the FM used in the goat trial was of higher CP degradability and similar to that of SBM. Ewes on FM produced more milk than those on the control diet (C 3·44 v. FME 3·84 kg/day), whereas milk yield of goats was similar in the two treatments (C 3·87 v. FMG 3·82 kg/day). There were no differences between treatments for ewe milk fat (C 44 v. FME 43 g/kg) or protein concentration (C 54 v. FME 53 g/kg). Goats on fish meal (FMG) produced milk of higher protein (C 37 v. FMG 40 g/kg), but of similar fat (C 42 v. FMG 43 g/kg) concentration to those on the SBM (C) diet. With the exception of the better conversion (milk: gain ratio) efficiency (C 5·17 v. FME 4·44) of male lambs sucking ewes on the FM diet, no other differences were observed in the performance of lambs or kids. Lambs consumed less milk than kids (lambs: males 4·69, females 5·13; kids: males 6·63, females 6·98) per unit of weight gain.

The carcass quality, meat quality and sensory characteristics of broilers raised on diets containing either Musca domestica larvae meal, fish meal or soya bean meal as the main protein source

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 622 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Pieterse ◽  
Q. Pretorius ◽  
L. C. Hoffman ◽  
D. W. Drew
Keyword(s):  
Meat Quality ◽  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Sensory Characteristics ◽  
Drip Loss ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

The effects of Musca domestica (common house fly) larvae meal (magmeal) on the meat quality of broiler chickens were investigated in a trial consisting of three isonitrogenous and isoenergetic treatment diets containing either 10% fish meal, 10% M. domestica larvae meal or a control diet with soya bean meal as the protein source. Chicks that received either the 10% M. domestica larvae meal or 10% fish meal produced significantly heavier carcasses and had a higher breast-meat yield than did the control chicks. Sensory attributes evaluated by a trained sensory panel included chicken aroma, metallic aroma, initial juiciness, chicken flavour, sustained juiciness, metallic aftertaste, toughness and mealiness. The samples were judged to have a prominent chicken aroma but a less prominent chicken flavour. Although the samples had a moderate initial juiciness, they did not have a sustained juiciness except for the larvae-fed samples, which had higher sustained juiciness values; all samples were perceived as tender; fishmeal-fed samples were judged more mealy than larvae-fed samples, with the control being intermediary; larvae-fed samples had higher metallic aroma and aftertaste values, although these values were low and unlikely to be detected by consumers. Comparison of meat-quality characteristics showed no treatment differences for breast- and thigh-muscle colour, pH, water holding capacity or cooking losses. Significant differences were observed for drip loss, with the lowest drip loss reported for the larvae meal-fed samples, followed by the control diet and the highest for fish meal-fed samples. It is concluded that the inclusion of larvae meal into the diets of broilers will have positive rather than any detrimental effects on most carcass, meat and sensory characteristics.

A note on the use of field beans (Vicia faba) for growing cattle

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. MacLeod ◽  
A. Macdearmid ◽  
M. Kay
Keyword(s):  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Field Beans

SUMMARYField beans were compared with fish meal and soya bean meal as a protein source for young calves, and the effect of processing beans and barley on the digestibility of the diet was measured with older, castrated male cattle.In calves given equal nitrogen intakes, apparent nitrogen digestibility was lower with field beans than with soya bean meal or white-fish meal, but nitrogen retention (g/day and percentage of intake) in calves given beans was between that obtained with fish meal and soya bean meal. The dry-matter digestibility of diets containing 20 % whole or rolled beans together with rolled barley was 80 % but fell to 74 % if the barley was given whole.

Factors affecting the fractional outflow of protein supplements from the rumen 3. Effects of frequency of feeding, intake of water induced by the addition of sodium chloride, and the particle size of protein supplements

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Elimam ◽  
E. R. Ørskov
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Mixed Diet ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Treated Fish ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTFour experiments were conducted with lactating dairy cows offered a hay and concentrate diet (0·5:0·5) to investigate the effects of (1) the frequency of feeding a completely mixed diet (experiment 1) compared with feeding the concentrate fraction and the roughage fraction separately (experiment 2), and (2) the addition of sodium chloride to a completely mixed diet (experiment 3), on the fractional rate of outflow (FRO) of chromium (Cr)-treated fish meal from the rumen, and on milk yield and composition. The cows were offered the diet at either twice the maintenance requirement (experiments 1 and 2), or 2-5 x maintenance (experiment 3) in a 4 x 4 Latin-square design. The effect of the particle size of the Cr-treated soya bean meal was investigated in experiment 4.The frequency of feeding of the completely mixed diet had no significant effect on the rate of outflow of Cr-treated fish meal from the rumen, or on milk yield or composition. FRO per h were 0·070, 0·085, 0·079 and 0·086 when the diet was offered once, twice, four times or 12 times per day respectively. Increasing the frequency of feeding of the concentrate fraction of the diet had no significant effect on FRO. FRO per h were 0·073, 0·078, 0·081 and 0·081 when the concentrate fraction was offered once, twice, four times or 12 times per day respectively.The addition of NaCl to the diet significantly increased water intake (P < 0·001), but had no significant effects on FRO or milk yield. FRO per h were 0·074, 0·075, 0·076 and 0080 when 50, 265, 529 or 794 g of NaCl were added into the diet respectively. The respective intakes of water were 66·6, 74·1, 88·4 and 101·6 kg/day.The FRO per h of fine particles of Cr-treated soya bean meal was 0·085 and for coarse particles, 0·096. The difference was not significant.

The effect of increasing the proportion of barley straw in pelleted concentrate diets given to lambs on rumen outflow rate and degradation of protein supplements

1992 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Castrillo ◽  
M. Lainez ◽  
J. Gasa ◽  
J. A. Guada
Keyword(s):  
Fish Meal ◽  
Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Outflow Rate ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Pea Seeds ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

AbstractTwo experiments are described in which growing lambs were offered ad libitum two concentrate pelleted diets containing 60 (diet C) or 230 (diet D) g/kg barley straw.In the first experiment, eight male and eight female lambs were used to determine the outflow rate from the rumen of chromium-mordanted fish meal and soya-bean meal, estimated from faecal marker excretion. Diet D promoted a higher rumen outflow rate (0·0769 per h) than diet C (0·0486 per h); no differences were found either between sexes or between Cr-mordanted protein supplements.In the second experiment, the rumen degradation of fish meal, soya-bean meal, sunflower meal, pea seeds and sweet lupin seeds was studied by incubating the supplements in polyester bags in the rumens of four lambs, following a change-over design. Increasing the proportion of straw to 230 g/kg increased the rate of nitrogen disappearance from all vegetable supplements, the differences being significant only for pea seeds.When degradation kinetics and outflow rates were considered together, effective nitrogen degradability of protein supplements was reduced by the increased proportion of dietary straw, indicating a greater influence of rumen outflow rate than of the increased rate of microbial degradation.

Effect of protein source on performance and nitrogen metabolism of pigs weaned at 21 days of age

1983 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Newport ◽  
H. D. Keal
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTThe effects of source of protein on performance and nitrogen metabolism were studied in pigs weaned at 21 days of age. All diets contained 190 g crude protein and 14·6 MJ digestible energy per kg, and had a similar essential amino acid composition. Sources of protein were a combination of soya bean meal, fish meal and dried skim milk which was compared with soya bean meal alone, or in combination with either fish meal or dried skim milk. Seven groups of pigs (four pigs per group) received each diet ad libitum until 56 days of age. Performance was similar with the combinations of sources of protein, but with soya bean meal alone, food intake and growth rate were reduced (P < 0·05), but food conversion efficiency was not affected. Nitrogen metabolism was studied in seven pigs per diet given a restricted intake. Under these conditions, protein source had no effect on performance or retention and apparent digestibility of nitrogen. Nitrogen retention increased (P < 0·05) between 35 and 49 days of age, and was affected by the duration of the balance period (P < 0·01). In a second experiment, imparting a fish-like odour to the diet with soya bean meal as the sole source of protein by the addition of a fish oil did not affect food intake or performance.These results indicate that a mixture of protein supplements in the diet of pigs weaned at 21 days of age may be unnecessary.

The effect of formalin-treated soya bean meal upon the performance of lactating cows

1985 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTFour concentrate mixtures were given with grass silage to 52 cows in early lactation in an 8-week randomized block production trial. A further eight cows were used to measure apparent digestibilities of the total diets in a double 4 × 4 Latin-square trial.The concentrates contained varied proportions of barley, soya bean meal (soya) and formaldehyde-treated soya bean meal (treated soya) together with fixed proportions of wheatfeed and molasses. Crude protein (CP) concentrations in the concentrate mixtures and sources of supplementary protein were 133 g/kg air-dry concentrate, soya (A); 130 g/kg, treated soya (B); 187 g/kg, soya (C); 169 g/kg, soya plus treated soya (D). In the production trial, 9 kg concentrates were given daily together with silage ad libitum, whilst in the digestibility trial the daily ration was 7·6 kg concentrates and 6·6 kg silage dry matter (DM). The silage contained 462 g DM per kg and 140 g CP per kg DM with an in vitro digestibility of DM of 0·7.The digestibilities of DM, organic matter and energy showed similar trends. Cows given treatments A and B had significantly lower digestibilities of energy than did those given treatments C and D.Nitrogen digestibility was highest for cows given treatment C and lowest for those given treatments A and B. Silage DM intake and live-weight change were unaffected by treatment during weeks 1 to 8, all treatment groups being in positive live-weight balance in this period.Milk yields during weeks 1 to 8 were 18·8 (A), 19·6 (B), 20·3 (C) and 20·7 (D) kg/day. Yields for cows given treatments C and D were significantly higher than those for cows given treatment A. There were no differences between treatments for any constituent of milk, but protein concentration in milk tended to be lower for cows given treatment D. During weeks 9 to 20, there were no significant residual effects of treatment upon milk yield or composition.Parallel regression analysis of milk yield and yields of milk constituents upon CP concentration in the concentrate indicated significant effects of CP concentration on yield of milk, milk fat, protein and lactose during weeks 1 to 8. When examined during weeks 1 to 20 the responses to increased CP concentration were non-significant. The analysis showed a significant positive milk-yield response to formaldehyde treatment during weeks 1 to 8 and 1 to 20. The response in lactose yield was also significant during weeks 1 to 8 and 1 to 20. There was a trend, though not significant, towards an increased milk-fat yield during weeks 1 to 8 for the formaldehyde treatment, whilst protein yield was unaffected.

The effects of feeding high concentrations of molasses and supplementing with nitrogen and unprotected tallow on intake and performance of dairy cows

1997 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Yan ◽  
D. J. Roberts ◽  
J. Higginbotham
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

AbstractA series of three replicated 3 × 3 Latin-square design experiments was carried out with lactating dairy cows (15 in experiments 1 and 3, and 18 in experiment 2). The objectives of these experiments were to investigate if the feeding of high concentrations of molasses would be detrimental to the performance or health of cows, and if the strategic supplementation of nitrogen or unprotected fat could enhance the efficiency of molasses feeding. In experiment 1, complete diets were based on grass silage with three inclusion rates of a liquid molasses-based supplement (Molaferm 20) to supply molasses dry matter (DM) of 125, 250 and 375 g/kg DM respectively. In experiment 2, the control diet contained (g/kg DM) 460 grass silage, 310 'molaferm 20' and 192 barley and 22 soya-bean meal, and was then supplemented with urea (12 g/kg DM) or soya-bean meal (177 g/kg DM). In experiment 3, the control diet was based on (g/kg DM) grass silage (460), molaferm 20 (310), barley (130), soya-bean meal (65) and oatfeed (20). Two concentrations, low and high, of unprotected tallow were added to the control diet (12·5 and 25·8 g/kg DM, respectively).In experiment 1, cows suffered from some scouring on the highest molasses treatment, but recovered when changed to either the medium or low molasses treatment. However, there were no clinical symptoms of ill health observed during experiments 2 and 3. In experiment 1, animal intake and performance on the diets containing molasses DM of 125, 250 and 375 g/kg DM respectively were: total DM intake, 12·8, 16·2 and 18·6 kg/day (s.e.d. 1·03, P < 0·001); milk yield, 15·5,17·4 and 17·6 kg/day (s.e.d. 0·53, low v. medium or high, P < 0·01); fat concentration, 39·6, 39·7 and 40·0g/kg (s.e.d. 0·70, P>0·05); protein concentration, 31·6, 32·7 and 33·6g/kg (s.e.d. 0·22, P < 0·05). In experiment 2, supplementation of the control diet both with urea and soya-bean meal significantly increased DM intake (P < 0·01); milk yield (P < 0·01) and protein concentration in milk (P < 0·05), but had no significant effects on fat concentration in milk (P > 0·05). In experiment 3, there were no significant differences in DM intake between the three treatments. However, supplementation with both low and high concentrations of unprotected tallow significantly increased milk yield (P < 0·01) and significantly decreased fat (P < 0·01) and protein (P < 0·001) concentrations in milk.It is concluded that lactating dairy cows could be given molasses up to 250 g/kg DM in grass silage-based complete diets without adverse effects on milk production or health. When a diet contained a high concentration of molasses (248 g/kg DM), supplementation with urea and soya-bean meal increased intake and milk production, and supplementation with unprotected tallow also increased milk yield, but fat and protein concentrations in milk were decreased.

Further studies on the response of lactating ewes to dietary protein

1979 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Robinson ◽  
I. McHattie ◽  
J. F. Calderon Cortes ◽  
J. L. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Groundnut Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTFour experiments were made during early lactation on individually penned Finnish Landrace × Dorset Horn ewes, each suckling two lambs. In Experiment 1, 14 ewes of mean body weight 74 ± 2·4 kg received daily, 1·9 kg dry matter, 20 MJ of metabolizable energy and 300 g of crude protein from a diet (H) containing hay, barley and fish meal. Reduction of the daily crude protein intake of half the ewes to 225 g by replacing fish meal with barley (diet L) in week 2 of lactation resulted in a decrease (P< 0·01) in daily milk yield of 0·53 kg (17%) compared with no change for ewes remaining on diet H. The effect was reversed by returning the ewes to diet H at the end of week 3. In Experiment 2 the use of four ewes fitted with abomasal cannulae showed that the additional non-ammonia nitrogen reaching the abomasum when fish meal was given was used with an efficiency of 0·51 for the production of milk nitrogen. In Experiment 3, involving 20 ewes, a restriction in protein intake for more than 10 days in early lactation by replacing the fish meal with barley depressed subsequent milk yield. In Experiment 4, 24 ewes were given either fish meal, soya bean meal or groundnut meal as protein supplements. In early lactation fish meal was superior by 0·40 and 0·43 kg of milk per day to soya bean meal and groundnut meal respectively, and this was attributed to the greater quantity of non-ammonia nitrogen reaching the abomasum in the fish meal compared with the soya bean meal and groundnut meal supplements. The commercial significance of the results is discussed.

Responses of lactating ewes, offered fresh herbage indoors and when grazing, to supplements containing differing protein concentrations

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. Penning ◽  
R. J. Orr ◽  
T. T. Treacher
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Lamb Growth ◽  
Daily Milk

ABSTRACTThe responses to supplements differing in protein concentration and degradability were measured in lactating ewes and their twin lambs when offered fresh ryegrass either cut or grazed. Housed Scottish Halfbred ewes, offered fresh-cut grass ad libitum received no supplement (N) or supplements with barley and maize starch (B); barley and soya-bean meal (S); barley, soya-bean meal and fish meal (SF) or barley and fish meal (F) in weeks 2 to 7 of lactation. By feeding supplements, herbage organic-matter (OM) intake was depressed (2·00 v. 1·74 kg/day). Mean daily milk yield was increased when protein supplements were given and, because milk protein concentration was higher for supplement F and similar for all other diets, mean daily milk protein output increased with increasing fish meal in the diet. Milk yields were N 2·55, B 2·59, S 3·17, SF 3·15 and F 3·17 kg/day. Total milk solids and fat concentrations were also higher for S, SF and F than N or B. Lambs from ewes supplemented with protein grew faster and the ewes generally lost less weight and body condition compared with unsupplemented ewes.At pasture, Masham ewes grazed at herbage allowances of either 4 (L) or 10 (H) kg OM per day and received no supplement (N) or supplements B or F, for the first 6 weeks of lactation and then, in weeks 7 to 12, grazed without supplements. For NL, BL, FL, NH, BH and FH respectively lamb growth rates from birth to 6 weeks were 235, 242, 274, 267, 286 and 302 g/day; from birth to 12 weeks were 210, 209, 249, 255, 275 and 287 g/day and losses in ewe body-condition score from birth to 12 weeks were 1·28, 1·22, 1·06, 0·97, 0·62 and 0·76.It is concluded that protein supplements increased milk yield and lamb growth rates and that the response tended to be greater with fish meal.

scholarly journals Methionine sulphoxide as a source of sulphur-containing amino acids for the young rat

1977 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne U. Gjøen ◽  
L. R. Njaa
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Casein Diet ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Effect On Growth

1. Young male rats were used in five experiments to study the utilization for growth of methionine sulphoxide, and the relationship between the sulphoxide content in the diet and the level of microbiologically determined methionine activity in blood or blood plasma. In one nitrogen-balance experiment methionine and methionine sulphoxide were compared as supplements to a casein diet and a fish-meal diet.2. Methionine sulphoxide was poorly utilized for growth when tested as the sole sulphur amino acid in an amino acid diet. Substitution of one-third of the sulphoxide with cystine improved utilization so that it approached that of methionine.3. Methionine alone and in combination with methionine sulphoxide were added to a soya-bean-meal diet. The sulphoxide showed no adverse effect on growth.4. Fish meal in which methionine had been oxidized to methionine sulphoxide was tested alone and in combinations with unoxidized fish meal. Only when the oxidized meal was given alone was there an appreciable effect on growth. The fish meals used were low in cystine.5. Whereas both methionine and methionine sulphoxide improved the N balance when a casein diet was given, there was no effect when a fish-meal diet was given.6. There was a linear relationship between methionine sulphoxide content in the amino acid diets and the methionine activity in the blood plasma. Methionine sulphoxide added to a soya-bean-meal diet or present in oxidized fish meal gave a curvilinear relationship, and the observed activities were lower than with the amino acid diets. Methionine activity in blood could not be used as an indicator of moderate amounts of methionine sulphoxide in protein-containing diets.

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