Nutrition of draught oxen in semi-arid west Africa. 1. Energy expenditure by oxen working on soils of different consistencies

1997 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Fall ◽  
R. A. Pearson ◽  
P. R. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Marked Effect ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Work Done ◽  
Arid West ◽  
Energy Cost Of Walking ◽  
Semi Arid

AbstractThe Oxylog, a portable breath-by-breath gas analyser, was used on seven animals to determine standing metabolic rate, energy cost of walking on soils of different consistencies and efficiency of work ploughing and carting. The average standing metabolic rate of animals was 5·63 (s.e. 0·12) W/kg M00·75. The consistency of the soil on which animals worked had a marked effect on their energy cost of walking which was 1·59 (s.e. 0·069) on unploughed soil, 2·15 (s.e. 0·084) on ploughed soil and 1·0 (s.e. 0·10) J/m per kg live weight on laterite tracks. The efficiency of ploughing sandy soils (i.e. ratio of work done to energy used for work) was 0·32 and was not significantly different from the efficiency of carting with different loads. The efficiency of doing work was not influenced by the type of work performed, the draught force exerted or the walking speed.

The energy costs of walking, carrying and pulling loads on flat surfaces by Brahman cattle and swamp buffalo

1990 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Lawrence ◽  
R. J. Stibbards
Keyword(s):  
Energy Cost ◽  
Water Buffalo ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Flat Surfaces ◽  
Extra Energy ◽  
Brahman Cattle ◽  
Swamp Buffalo ◽  
Work Done

ABSTRACTThe extra energy for walking compared with standing still (EW) (J/m per kg live weight) was measured in three Brahman cattle and two water buffalo. Ew was not affected by species or speed within the most comfortable range of speeds (V = 0·6 to 1·0 m/s) but over the whole range tested, Ew = 0·947F + 1·99 (r = 0·66, no. = 61) with average Ew = 2·1 (s.e. 0·06).The extra energy cost of carrying loads while walking (Ec) (J/m per kg carried) was measured using two Brahman cattle, two water buffalo and a pony. Ec was independent of load (up to 70 kg) and speed but was generally lower when loads were placed over the animals' shoulders instead of on their backs. Average values for the cattle, buffaloes and the pony were 2·6, 4·2 and 3·3, respectively.The efficiency of doing work defined as: work done/energy expended was measured in two Brahman cattle and two water buffalo and gave average values of 0·30 and 0·37 respectively for the two species. Efficiency was proportionately about 0·03 higher for animals wearing a collar than when wearing a single yoke but was unaffected by whether the animals wore single or double yokes, by the speed of travel, the size of the load or whether the load was steady or variable.Along with appropriate values for the energetic efficiency of raising body weight when walking uphill, these data are used to derive a factorial equation for estimating the energy expenditure of animals working in the field.

scholarly journals Walking Speed and Step Length Asymmetry Modify the Energy Cost of Walking After Stroke

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 416-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis N. Awad ◽  
Jacqueline A. Palmer ◽  
Ryan T. Pohlig ◽  
Stuart A. Binder-Macleod ◽  
Darcy S. Reisman
Keyword(s):  
Energy Cost ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Energy Cost Of Walking

scholarly journals Effects of obesity and sex on the energetic cost and preferred speed of walking

2006 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 390-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond C. Browning ◽  
Emily A. Baker ◽  
Jessica A. Herron ◽  
Rodger Kram
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Mass Distribution ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Gross Energy

The metabolic energy cost of walking is determined, to a large degree, by body mass, but it is not clear how body composition and mass distribution influence this cost. We tested the hypothesis that walking would be most expensive for obese women compared with obese men and normal-weight women and men. Furthermore, we hypothesized that for all groups, preferred walking speed would correspond to the speed that minimized the gross energy cost per distance. We measured body composition, maximal oxygen consumption, and preferred walking speed of 39 (19 class II obese, 20 normal weight) women and men. We also measured oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production while the subjects walked on a level treadmill at six speeds (0.50–1.75 m/s). Both obesity and sex affected the net metabolic rate (W/kg) of walking. Net metabolic rates of obese subjects were only ∼10% greater (per kg) than for normal-weight subjects, and net metabolic rates for women were ∼10% greater than for men. The increase in net metabolic rate at faster walking speeds was greatest in obese women compared with the other groups. Preferred walking speed was not different across groups (1.42 m/s) and was near the speed that minimized gross energy cost per distance. Surprisingly, mass distribution (thigh mass/body mass) was not related to net metabolic rate, but body composition (% fat) was ( r2 = 0.43). Detailed biomechanical studies of walking are needed to investigate whether obese individuals adopt novel energy saving mechanisms during walking.

The energy expenditure of cattle and buffaloes walking and working in different soil conditions

1997 ◽  
Vol 128 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. DIJKMAN ◽  
P. R. LAWRENCE
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Mechanical Efficiency ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Energy Cost Of Walking

At the Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Scotland, during the summer months of 1987, two adult water buffaloes, two Brahman cattle and two Brahman × Friesian steers walked round a circular track on concrete or through 300 mm deep mud. Average walking speed (m/s) when unloaded, or average walking speed (m/s) when pulling 324 N, energy for walking (J/m/kg) and net mechanical efficiency (%) were 1·05 and 0·81 (P < 0·01), 1·03 and 0·80 (P < 0·001), 1·49 and 3·34 (P < 0·001) and 31·0 and 31·8 for concrete and mud respectively. Energy values were calculated from gaseous exchange measured with an open circuit system.In Central Nigeria, from September 1991 to May 1992, the energy expenditure of eight Bunaji (White Fulani) bulls was monitored using portable oxygen measuring equipment (modified ‘Oxylog’) when walking, ploughing and harrowing on six soil surfaces ranging from hard, smooth earth to ploughed, waterlogged clay. Average walking speeds (m/s), pulling speeds (m/s) and energy cost of walking (J/m/kg) varied from 0·97 to 0·65, 0·55 to 0·47 and 1·47 to 8·58 respectively. Net mechanical efficiency averaged 31·4% and was unaffected by ground surface.The energy cost of walking for the Bos indicus cattle on smooth ground (1·47 J/m/kg) in this trial was less than that previously reported for Bos taurus (1·80 J/m/kg) and the reported average value for cattle (Bos indicus and Bos taurus) on treadmills (2·09 J/m/kg). The implications for practical agriculture of the higher levels of energy expenditure for walking in muddy conditions are discussed.

Effects of load carriage, load position, and walking speed on energy cost of walking

2004 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daijiro Abe ◽  
Kazumasa Yanagawa ◽  
Shigemitsu Niihata
Keyword(s):  
Energy Cost ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Load Carriage ◽  
Energy Cost Of Walking

Energy cost of walking: Solving the paradox of steady state in the presence of variable walking speed

2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Plasschaert ◽  
Kim Jones ◽  
Malcolm Forward
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Energy Cost Of Walking

A note on the influence of negative gradients on the energy expenditure of donkeys walking, carrying and pulling loads

1992 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Dijkman
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Measured Range ◽  
Equus Asinus ◽  
Extra Energy ◽  
Entire Male

The extra energy used for walking on the level and on negative gradients above that used when standing still (Ew) (J/m per kg live weight) was measured in two entire male donkeys (Equus asinus). Ew was not affected by speed within the measured range (V = 0·6 to 1·3 m/s) but gradient (0, −10%, −15%) had a significant effect Ew−10% = 0·97 (s.e. 0·02), Ew−10% = 0·55 (s.e. = 0·03) and Ew−15% = 0·67 (s.e. 0·03).The extra energy cost of carrying loads (Ec), defined as J/m per kg carried was measured using the same animals. Loads were placed over the animals shoulders and speed was varied within the range 0·6 to 1·3 m/s (Eclevel = 1·1 (s.e. 0·04), Ec−10% = 2·7 (s.e. 0·17) and Ec−15% = 3·3 (s.e. 0·20) were significantly different.The energy cost of pulling loads (Ep) (f/m per kg) was measured while the animals pulled loads up to proportionately 0·17 of their live weight. The animals wore a breast-plate harness and walking speed was varied within the range 0·6 to 1·3 m/s. Mean values were 26·5 (s.e. 0·72) on the level, 15-3 (s.e. 1·2) on the −10% gradient and 6·2 (s.e. 0·43) on the −15% gradient.The two donkeys used in this experiment were more efficient in both carrying and pulling loads than oxen and buffaloes. Negative gradients have a significant effect on energy consumption and when estimating the energy expenditure of working animals this factor should be taken into account.

scholarly journals Carbohydrate and fat oxidation in persons with lower limb amputation during walking with different speeds

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 304-310
Author(s):  
Terje Gjovaag ◽  
Peyman Mirtaheri ◽  
Inger Marie Starholm
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Maximal Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Carbohydrate Utilization ◽  
Fat Utilization ◽  
Transfemoral Amputees ◽  
Energy Cost Of Walking

Background: Studies suggest that the energy expenditure of healthy persons (control) during walking with the preferred walking speed in steady-state conditions is dominated by fat oxidation. Conversely, carbohydrate and fat oxidation during walking is little investigated in transfemoral amputees. Objectives: To investigate carbohydrate and fat oxidation, energy cost of walking, and percent utilization of maximal aerobic capacity [Formula: see text]during walking. Study design: Eight transfemoral amputees and controls walked with their preferred walking speed and speeds 12.5% and 25% slower and faster than their preferred walking speed. Methods: Energy expenditure and fuel utilization were measured using a portable metabolic analyzer. Metabolic values are means ± standard deviation. Results: For transfemoral amputees (37.0 ± 10.9 years) and controls (39.0 ± 12.3 years), fat utilization at the preferred walking speed was 44.8% ± 7.2% and 45.0% ± 7.2% of the total energy expenditure, respectively. The preferred walking speed of the transfemoral amputees and controls was close to a metabolic cross-over speed, which is the speed where carbohydrate utilization increases steeply and fat utilization decreases. When walking fast, at 90 m min−1 (preferred walking speed plus 25%), transfemoral amputees utilized 70.7% ± 5.6% of their [Formula: see text], while the controls utilized 30.9% ± 4.5% ( p < 0.001) at the matching speed (control preferred walking speed). At 90 m min−1, carbohydrate utilization was 78% ± 4.7% and 55.2% ± 7.2% of the total energy expenditure for the transfemoral amputees and controls, respectively ( p < 0.01). Compared to the control, energy cost of walking was higher for the transfemoral amputees at all speeds (all comparisons; p < 0.001). Conclusion: At the preferred walking speed, carbohydrate, not fat, dominates energy expenditure of both transfemoral amputees and controls. For the transfemoral amputees, consequences of fast walking are very high [Formula: see text] utilization and rate of carbohydrate oxidation. Clinical relevance Research on the relationships between physical effort and fuel partitioning during ambulation could provide important insights for exercise-rehabilitation programs for lower limb amputees (LLA). Regular endurance exercise will improve maximal aerobic capacity and enable LLA to walk faster and at the same time expend less energy and improve fat utilization.

Energy cost of walking and gait instability in healthy 65- and 80-yr-olds

2003 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 2248-2256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Malatesta ◽  
David Simar ◽  
Yves Dauvilliers ◽  
Robin Candau ◽  
Fabio Borrani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Time Variability ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Stride Time ◽  
Healthy Elderly ◽  
Walking Speeds ◽  
Energy Cost Of Walking ◽  
Healthy Elderly Subjects

This study tested whether the lower economy of walking in healthy elderly subjects is due to greater gait instability. We compared the energy cost of walking and gait instability (assessed by stride to stride changes in the stride time) in octogenarians (G80, n = 10), 65-yr-olds (G65, n = 10), and young controls (G25, n = 10) walking on a treadmill at six different speeds. The energy cost of walking was higher for G80 than for G25 across the different walking speeds ( P < 0.05). Stride time variability at preferred walking speed was significantly greater in G80 (2.31 ± 0.68%) and G65 (1.93 ± 0.39%) compared with G25 (1.40 ± 0.30%; P < 0.05). There was no significant correlation between gait instability and energy cost of walking at preferred walking speed. These findings demonstrated greater energy expenditure in healthy elderly subjects while walking and increased gait instability. However, no relationship was noted between these two variables. The increase in energy cost is probably multifactorial, and our results suggest that gait instability is probably not the main contributing factor in this population. We thus concluded that other mechanisms, such as the energy expenditure associated with walking movements and related to mechanical work, or neuromuscular factors, are more likely involved in the higher cost of walking in elderly people.

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