Noise and vehicular motion as potential stressors during the transport of sheep

AbstractDuring three journeys of 15 h in a lorry and two sets of experiments in a trailer, the relative importance of ambient noise and vehicular motion were assessed by measurements of salivary cortisol concentration, heart rate and behaviour. Mean sound levels in the lorry were approximately 96 dbA with occasional episodes at 103 dbA. Vehicular motion was assessed in terms of numbers and magnitude of acceleration events registered by a triaxial accelerometer. The three lorry journeys showed, respectively, that heart rate was correlated with vehicular motion when sheep were loosely stocked (0·41 m2 per sheep) but not when they were tightly stocked (0·28 m2 per sheep); that heart rate sometimes tended to increase when ambient sound was greater and that the effect of sound was not as consistent as that of vehicular motion. In the first trailer experiment, salivary cortisol response was the same whether sheep confined in a quiet stationary trailer (60 dbA) were or were not exposed to extra noise (90 dbA) while heart rate was higher in the former condition. In the second trailer experiment when the trailer was being towed on public roads with or without extra noise (92·3 and 100·5 dbA respectively), heart rate and salivary cortisol concentration were both elevated compared with control sheep in a pen but the extra noise had no consistent effect. The sheep showed no orientation away from the noise source, nor was there any difference in their expression of a behaviour (standing with the head below the level of the shoulders) which could indicate discomfort. Hence vehicular motion can result in poor welfare in sheep, especially at loose stocking density but ambient noise was not found to have a consistent effect.

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Maximum Eye Temperature in the Assessment of Training in Racehorses: Correlations With Salivary Cortisol Concentration, Rectal Temperature, and Heart Rate

Journal of Equine Veterinary Science ◽

10.1016/j.jevs.2016.06.005 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 45 ◽

pp. 39-45 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Maria Soroko ◽

Kevin Howell ◽

Anna Zwyrzykowska ◽

Krzysztof Dudek ◽

Paulina Zielińska ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Rectal Temperature ◽

Salivary Cortisol ◽

Cortisol Concentration ◽

Eye Temperature

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Coregulation in Salivary Cortisol During Maternal Holding of Premature Infants

Biological Research For Nursing ◽

10.1177/1099800408327789 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 226-240 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Madalynn Neu ◽

Mark L. Laudenslager ◽

JoAnn Robinson

Keyword(s):

Salivary Cortisol ◽

Neonatal Intensive Care ◽

Sound Level ◽

Holding Time ◽

Sound Levels ◽

Ambient Sound ◽

Antenatal Steroids ◽

Postconceptional Age ◽

Research Questions ◽

Cortisol Levels

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine coregulation between mothers and preterm infants in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) system activity, as indicated by salivary cortisol levels, while mothers held their infants. The research questions were (a) does mother—infant coregulation in HPA activity occur during holding? and (b) if mother— infant coregulation in HPA activity exists during holding, do type of holding, antenatal steroids, sound level, and maternal touch influence this coregulation? Sample: The sample consisted of 20 mother— infant dyads with infants at a mean postconceptional age of 34.7 weeks (+0.7) and average postnatal age of 15 days (+9) at the time of cortisol sampling. Design: The design was exploratory using convenience sampling. Maternal and infant cortisol levels were obtained at Time 1 (baseline) and Time 2 (end of holding); at each time, the absolute differences in levels between mother and infant were determined. Coregulation was operationalized as less difference between maternal-infant cortisol levels immediately after holding (Time 2) as compared to before holding (Time 1). Results: The two variables with the highest correlation with the Time 1/Time 2 difference score included antenatal steroids and ambient sound level, which were entered into a linear regression equation as predictor variables. A coregulatory relationship in cortisol levels existed between mothers and infants during holding, which was moderated by sound levels. Nurses in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) can facilitate the mother—infant relationship, as reflected in coregulatory measures, by promoting a quiet environment, particularly around mothers who are holding their infants.

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Football society players over the age of 55: how stressful can a match be?

Acta Scientiarum Health Sciences ◽

10.4025/actascihealthsci.v43i1.53357 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 43 ◽

pp. e53357

Author(s):

José Luiz Lopes Vieira ◽

Fredi Telles da Silva ◽

Vânia de Fátima Matias Souza ◽

Adolpho Amorim ◽

Luciana Ferreira

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Heart Rate ◽

Salivary Cortisol ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Rank Correlation ◽

Cortisol Concentration ◽

Activity Level ◽

High Heart Rate ◽

Spearman’S Rank Correlation ◽

Spearman’S Rank Correlation Coefficient

This study aimed at assessing the physical activity level, heart rate and the salivary cortisol level of football society players. The sample consisted of 19 male masters football players with an average age of 56.7 ± 3.9 years. The long form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and Polar® heart rate monitors were used as instruments, in addition to Salivette® tubes to measure salivary cortisol. Data analysis was performed by using the repeated measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni post hoc test, and Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient. The results showed that the salivary cortisol concentration indicated an index of 1.97 ng/ml at the beginning of the match; 40 minutes after that these values increased to 8.00 ng/ml, and 60 minutes after the match had started they reached 8.40 ng/ml. Considering the post-match moment, a moderate and positive correlation between the salivary cortisol concentration and heart rate (average and maximum) was seen. In conclusion, the physical effort expended during football Society practice needs to be monitored due to the high heart rate and high increase in the salivary cortisol concentration of this age group.

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Circadian Rhythm of Heart Rate Assessed by Wearable Devices Tends to Correlate with the Circadian Rhythm of Salivary Cortisol Concentration in Healthy Young Adults

Chronobiology in Medicine ◽

10.33069/cim.2020.0022 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 109-114

Author(s):

Seunghwa Jeong ◽

Ju Yeon Seo ◽

Sehyun Jeon ◽

Chul-Hyun Cho ◽

Ji Won Yeom ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Young Adults ◽

Circadian Rhythm ◽

Salivary Cortisol ◽

Wearable Devices ◽

Cortisol Concentration

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Biomarcadores de estresse em recém-nascidos pré-termos expostos ao banho: estudo piloto

Online Brazilian Journal of Nursing ◽

10.17665/1676-4285.20185920 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 12

Author(s):

Patrícia De Freitas ◽

Amélia Fumiko Kimura

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Oxygen Saturation ◽

Salivary Cortisol ◽

Cortisol Concentration ◽

Routine Practice ◽

Preterm Newborn ◽

Stress Biomarkers ◽

The Mean ◽

Preterm Newborns ◽

Mean Heart Rate

Introduction: the corporal hygiene of the preterm newborn, although it is a recommended and routine practice, requires caution and safety for provoking disorganization in the autonomic system and homeostasis imbalance. Aim: to evaluate the variation of heart rate, oxygen saturation and salivary cortisol levels of preterm newborns submitted to conventional immersion baths and swaddled in sheets. Method: this is a randomized, pilot, cross-over clinical trial with 15 clinically stable preterm newborns. Results: the mean heart rate and oxygen saturation after the conventional immersion bath and swaddled in sheet did not present significant clinical and statistical differences. There was an increase in the salivary cortisol concentration when comparing the pre and post-bath values in the two bath techniques. Conclusion: there were no significant differences in stress biomarkers when comparing the two bathing techniques.

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Behavioural and physiological responses of sheep of different breeds to supplementary feeding, social mixing and taming, in the context of transport

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1357729800032896 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 67 (3) ◽

pp. 475-483 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

S. J. G. Hall ◽

S. M. Kirkpatrick ◽

D. M. Broom

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Salivary Cortisol ◽

Physiological Responses ◽

Cortisol Concentration ◽

Supplementary Feeding ◽

Cortisol Response ◽

The Third ◽

Social Mixing ◽

Initial Tendency ◽

Mixed Flock

AbstractThree experiments investigated differences between sheep breeds in response to supplementary feeding and very close confinement with familiar and unfamiliar sheep; and differences between individuals in response to a taming procedure prior to transport in a trailer. The first two experiments were with a mixed flock of Clun Forest lambs and crossbred lambs from Orkney. An initial tendency to feed with others of the same breed diminished over 3 weeks. Responses of heart rate and salivary cortisol concentration when one sheep (the visitor) was penned in an enclosure of 1 m2 with three other sheep of the same or the other breed (the trio group), did not depend on whether the visitor and the trio group were of the same or different breed. Clun Forest sheep showed little response while Orkney sheep showed increased heart rate and some elevation of salivary cortisol concentration. In the third experiment, 34 Beulah Speckled Face ewes were divided into two groups one of which was subjected to a taming procedure over a period of 3 weeks. Response of salivary cortisol concentration to subsequent journeys of 2h in a livestock trailer did not differ between tamed and untamed sheep. There were individual differences in the response to taming and this was correlated with the cortisol response during transport, in that those sheep which responded most to taming showed the least elevation during transport.

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Validation of Anatomical Sites for the Measurement of Infrared Body Surface Temperature Variation in Response to Handling and Transport

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani9070425 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 425 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Luiene M. Rocha ◽

Nicolas Devillers ◽

Xavier Maldague ◽

Fidèle Z. Kabemba ◽

Julien Fleuret ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Surface Temperature ◽

Body Surface ◽

Salivary Cortisol ◽

Cortisol Concentration ◽

Head Surface ◽

Transport Stress ◽

Body Surface Temperature ◽

Neck Temperature ◽

Surface Temperature Variation

This study aimed at validating the anatomical sites for the measurement of infrared (IR) body surface temperature as a tool to monitor the pigs’ response to handling and transport stress. The selected anatomical sites were the neck (infrared neck temperature—IRNT), rump (infrared rump temperature—IRRT), orbital (infrared orbital temperature—IROT) and behind ears (infrared behind ears temperature—IRBET) regions. A total of 120 pigs were handled from the finishing pen to the loading dock through a handling test course. Two handling types (gentle vs. rough) and number of laps (1 vs. 3) were applied according to a 2 × 2 factorial design. After loading, pigs were transported for 40 min and returned to their home pens. Animal behavior, heart rate, rectal temperature and salivary cortisol concentration were measured for validation. Increased IR body temperature, heart rate and salivary cortisol levels were observed in response to rough handling and longer distance walk (P < 0.05 for all). The greatest correlations were found between IROT and IRBET temperatures and salivary cortisol concentration at the end of the handling test (r = 0.49 and r = 0.50, respectively; P < 0.001 for both). Therefore, IR pig’s head surface temperature may be useful for a comprehensive assessment of the physiological response to handling and transport stress.

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SoundEar noise warning devices cause a sustained reduction in ambient noise in adult critical care

Journal of the Intensive Care Society ◽

10.1177/1751143718767773 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 106-110 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Nicholas Russell Plummer ◽

Anna Herbert ◽

James Edward Blundell ◽

Rachel Howarth ◽

Jacqueline Baldwin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Critical Care ◽

Ambient Noise ◽

Behavioural Change ◽

Visual Noise ◽

Critical Care Units ◽

Sound Levels ◽

Ambient Sound ◽

Sustained Reduction ◽

Before And After ◽

Continued Use

Introduction Elevated sound levels in critical care are associated with sleep deprivation and an increased incidence of delirium. We aimed to determine whether a sound-activated visual noise display meter could cause a sustained reduction in sound levels overnight in an adult critical care unit. Method Sound levels were recorded overnight for eight days before and after the introduction of a visual noise display meter, with a further eight days recorded four months later after continued use of the visual noise display meter. Results Median ambient sound levels were significantly reduced from 57.4 dB by 3.9 dB, with a sustained reduction of 3.6 dB from baseline after four months of the device operating. Peak ambient sound levels had a small but significant reduction from 66.0 dB by 0.7 dB, with a sustained reduction of 0.8 dB after four months. Discussion Sound-activated visual noise display meters can be effective in providing a sustained reduction in ambient sound overnight in adult critical care units, which would appear to be driven by behavioural change.

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