The effect of crop maturity on the nutritional value of maize silage for lactating dairy cows. 2. Ruminal and post-ruminal digestion

AbstractTo evaluate the effect of crop maturity on digestion of maize silage in the rumen and post-ruminal digestive tract, four multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows fitted with a simple cannula in the proximal duodenum and a rumen cannula were offered four diets in a 4 ✕ 4 Latin-square design. Forage maize (cv. Hudson) was harvested and ensiled at target dry matter (DM) contents of 230, 280, 330 and 380 g per kg fresh weight (FW) to provide a range of starch contents. The mean values for volatile-corrected DM (VCDM) and starch content of the four maize silages as given were 221, 277, 308 and 372 g/kg FW and 173, 257, 328 and 382 g/kg VCDM respectively. Grass silage (GS) containing 250 g VCDM per kg FW was produced from the primary growth of a perennial ryegrass sward. The diets were 8·7 kg DM per day of a dairy concentrate supplement with one of four forage treatments offered ad libitum. The forage treatments were a 3 : 1 DM ratio of maize silage with GS, designated as T23, T28, T33 and T38. Each period lasted 6 weeks with rumen and duodenal samples being taken over 3 days in week 4 and faeces being collected in respiration chambers over 6 days in either week 5 or 6. Milk yield tended to increase with advancing maturity (30·5, 31·8, 32·5 and 32·3 kg/day) but individual treatment differences were not significant. DM intake increased from 19·62 to 21·30 kg/day (P < 0·05) but there were no significant effects on digestibility in the rumen, post-ruminal tract or total tract. Digestibility of neutral detergent fibre in the rumen declined with increasing starch content in the maize silage (P < 0·05) but total digestibility was not significantly affected. Starch intake increased from 3·11 to 5·04 kg/day (P < 0·001), duodenal flow from 0·40 to 0·89 kg/day (P < 0·01) and the amounts digested in the rumen and post-ruminal tract respectively from 2·72 and 0·34 kg/day to 4·16 and 0·71 kg/ day (P < 0·01). However the only significant effect on starch digestibility was a small fall in total digestibility from a mean of 0·981 for T23, T28 and T33 to 0·966 for T38. There were no treatment effects on nitrogen digestion. The molar proportions of acetic acid and n-caproic acid decreased and that of n-butyric acid increased with advancing maturity. It is concluded that the changes in composition of maize silage with increasing maturity result in large increases in the contribution of starch to DM digested in the rumen but only small differences in rumen fermentation. Post-ruminal starch digestion doubles but this is due to the increased starch concentration of the silage rather than major changes in digestion and the amount is small compared with that likely to result from feeding maize grain.

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The effect of crop maturity on the nutritional value of maize silage for lactating dairy cows. 1. Energy and nitrogen utilization

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1357729800055235 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 71 (2) ◽

pp. 381-390 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

S. B. Cammell ◽

J. D. Sutton ◽

D. E. Beever ◽

D. J. Humphries ◽

R. H. Phipps

Keyword(s):

Starch Content ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Energy Utilization ◽

Energy Output ◽

Apparent Digestibility ◽

Maize Silage ◽

Forage Maize ◽

Mean Values ◽

Grass Silage ◽

Crop Maturity

AbstractFour multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows fitted with simple cannulas in the proximal duodenum and the rumen were offered four diets in a 4 ✕ 4 Latin-square design to evaluate the effect on energy and nitrogen balance of crop maturity of maize when offered as ensiled food with grass silage and a concentrate. Forage maize (cv. Hudson) was ensiled at target dry matter (DM) contents of 230, 280, 330 and 380 g per kg fresh weight (FW). The mean values for volatile corrected DM (VCDM) and starch content of the maize forages as given were 226, 278, 319 and 357 g/kg FW and 180, 263, 327 and 401 g/kg VCDM respectively. Grass silage (GS) containing 247 g VCDM per kg FW was produced from the primary growth of a perennial ryegrass sward. The diets comprised 8·7 kg DM concentrate per day with one of four forage treatments offered ad libitum, in a 3 : 1 DM ratio of maize silage with GS, designated T23, T28, T33 and T38. Each period was of 6 weeks with energy and nitrogen balances conducted in respiration chambers over 6 days in either week 5 or 6. There were no significant effects of maturity on DM intake. Changes in milk yield and composition were not significant but milk protein yield increased significantly (P < 0·05) with maize maturity up to T33 and was linearly related (P < 0·05) to changes in maize silage starch and neutraland acid-detergent fibre (NDF, ADF) content. Total starch intake increased significantly (P < 0·01) with maturity but apparent digestibility of starch was significantly (P < 0·05) reduced only with the most mature maize silage (T38). NDF and ADF intake and amounts digested were not significantly different despite a numerical decline with stage of maturity. Total nitrogen intake and apparent digestibility were not significantly different although there were significant differences (P < 0·05) in the amount of nitrogen excreted as urine, which was greatest on T23 and least on T33, and milk which was least on T23 and greatest on T33. Mean gross energy (GE) intake increased by 17 MJ/day from T23 to T33 but the differences were non-significant. Faecal energy output on T23 was significantly lower (P < 0·05) than the other treatments whilst urine energy on T23 was significantly higher (P < 0·05) compared with T33. Methane energy losses were not significantly different. There were no significant differences between treatments in either GE digestibility or metabolizability, digestible or metabolizable energy (ME) intakes or in the partition of ME to heat, tissue or milk. The calculated ME concentrations of the maize silages were not significantly different with an overall mean of 12·3 MJ/kg VCDM estimated at maintenance intake, or 0·63 MJ/MJ GE. Changes in maize silage composition resulted in a doubling of the ratio of digested starch to digested NDF (0·66, 0·94, 1·10 and 1·21) for treatments T23 to T38 respectively. Despite this large change in digested nutrients no differences in the efficiency of energy utilization were detected.

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Effect of monensin on in vitro semi-continuous rumen fermentation in the rumen simulation technique (Rusitec)

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0308229600031767 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 1996 ◽

pp. 213-213

Author(s):

E.D. Mackintosh ◽

R.H. Phipps ◽

J.D. Sutton ◽

J. Wilkinson

Keyword(s):

Volatile Fatty Acid ◽

Latin Square ◽

Rumen Fermentation ◽

Protein Supplement ◽

Wheat Grain ◽

Maize Silage ◽

Grass Silage ◽

Complete Diet ◽

Holstein Friesian

Rusitec (Czerkawski and Breckenndge, 1977) lias been widely used to study factors which affect rumen fermentation such as monensin, monensin-propionate, abierixin, calcimycin and Aspergillus oryzae (Bogaert et al., 1990; Newbold et al., 1993). Monensin is a grain-positive ionophore which modifies rumen fermentation. The objective of the current study was to determine the effect of monensin on molar proportions of volatile fatty acid (VFA) produced from diets which varied in foragexoncentrate ratio.Four Rusitec vessels (800 ml) were used in an extended Latin Square design with 2 blocks, 2 treatments and 3 periods, each lasting 14 days. To initiate each period, inocula was recovered from the same lactating Holstein-Friesian cow (∽650 kg). All vessels received 15 g DM/day of a complete diet which contained maize silage, grass silage, NaOH treated wheat grain and a protein supplement in three foragexoncentrate ratios; 25:75 (L), 50:50 (M) and 75:25 (H).

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Intake, growth rate and carcass quality of beef cattle fed maize silage harvested at three stages of maturity

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200002386 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 1999 ◽

pp. 83-83 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

E.M. Browne ◽

M.J. Bryant ◽

D.E. Beever

Keyword(s):

Beef Cattle ◽

Live Weight ◽

Carcass Quality ◽

Maize Silage ◽

Forage Maize ◽

Significant Depression ◽

Three Stages ◽

Finishing Beef Cattle ◽

Crop Maturity

Crop maturity at harvest affects the intake potential of maize silage. A short feeding trial with young beef heifers (Browne, Bryant, Beever and Thorp, 1998) identified a significant depression in intake when low DM silage was fed, yet no significant effect on live weight gain was recorded. The objective of this experiment was to determine if these results were repeated in a longer intake study using finishing beef cattle and to examine the effect of maize maturity on carcass quality.Forage maize was harvested at three stages of maturity (LOW, MED and HIGH) during September 1997. At each stage of maturity, the crop was cut and ensiled in a separate AgBag during one day, without the use of an additive. The respective silage DM concentrations were 297, 339 and 393 g/kgFWt.

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Comparative efficacy of the conventional and automated methods for determining neutral and acid detergent fiber

Comunicata Scientiae ◽

10.14295/cs.v7i1.432 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 30 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Éder Cristian Malta de Lanes ◽

Fernando César Ferraz Lopes ◽

Núbia Ribeiro Campos ◽

Jackson Silva e Oliveira ◽

Mirton José Frota Morenz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Starch Content ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Maize Silage ◽

Acid Detergent Fiber ◽

Forage Maize ◽

Automated Method ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Tropical Forage ◽

Feed Analysis ◽

Automated Methods

Different methods are available to determine fiber content in feeds. However, information about the accuracy of this methods for neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber ADF contents estimation (obtained with the use of TNT-100 nylon filtering bags) is very limited related to the large number of ruminant feed analysis. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of the automated and conventional Van Soest methods to determine NDF and ADF contents for bovine cattle and feed supplements. Four classes of samples (tropical forage, maize silage hybrid, concentrated supplements and bovine cattlecattle) were evaluated for NDF and ADF contents using conventional and automated methods. Analysis involved a hierarchical factorial scheme with an entirely randomized design executed with repetitions. It was concluded that the automated method procedure generated similar results when compared to the conventional method for the determination of NDF contents in tropical forage, bovine cattle and maize silage samples, although is not recommended for samples with a high starch content. This system was not efficient for ADF determination in the evaluated samples.

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Whole-crop wheat for dairy cows: effects of crop maturity, a silage inoculant and an enzyme added before feeding on food intake and digestibility and milk production

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1357729800052474 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 74 (2) ◽

pp. 307-318 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

J. D. Sutton ◽

R. H. Phipps ◽

E. R. Deaville ◽

A. K. Jones ◽

D. J. Humphries

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Milk Production ◽

Starch Content ◽

Latin Square ◽

Live Weight ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Significant Treatment ◽

Energy Value ◽

Lactating Cows ◽

Crop Maturity

AbstractTo measure the effect of stage of maturity of whole-crop (WCW) on its composition, digestibility and feeding value winter wheat was harvested at different maturities in two successive years. In year 1 WCW was harvested at 301(low dry matter (DM)) and 511(high DM) g DM per kg and ensiled and at 584 g DM per kg and treated with 40 kg urea per t DM before being stored (urea-treated WCW). Part of the high DM WCW was treated with an additive containing Lactobacillus buchneri at harvest. In year 2 WCW was harvested at 321 (low DM) and 496 (high DM) g DM per kg and ensiled before both crops were offered to the cows with or without a fibrolytic enzyme sprayed on the forage just before feeding. In both years the WCW was offered ad libitum in a 2: 1 WCW: grass silage DM ratio with 10 kg fresh weight concentrates per day to 40 early-lactation Holstein-Friesian cows in a 13-or 15-week production study with a continuous design and to four fistulated lactating cows in a 4 ✕ 4 Latin-square experiment for measurement of diet digestibility. In both years neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) content decreased and starch content increased with advancing maturity. In the production trials, DM intake increased (P 0·01) with advancing maturity but milk yield was not significantly affected. Milk protein yield was increased by urea-treated WCW. The additives had no effect on food intake or milk production. In year 1, digestibility of all fractions except starch was lower for high DM WCW than low DM WCW but for urea-treated WCW only the digestibility of starch and energy was lower than digestibility of the low DM WCW fractions. The inoculant had no significant effect. In year 2 crop maturity had no significant effect on digestibility but the enzyme reduced the digestibility of neutraland acid-detergent fibre (NDF and ADF, P 0·05). In year 1, each of the forage mixtures was offered to sheep at 12 g DM per kg live weight per day. There were significant treatment effects on the digestibility of DM (P 0·05) and organic matter (OM) (P 0·01) and on DOMD (digestible OM in the DM) (P 0·01) with the highest values being obtained for urea-treated WCW and the lowest for the inoculant-treated high DM WCW. Digestibility coefficients for NDF and ADF were highest for the urea-treated WCW while starch digestibility was essentially complete for all the WCW treatments. The metabolizable energy value (MJ/kg corrected DM) of the WCW decreased with advancing maturity when measured with both the lactating cows (10·4, 9·3 and 9·0) and the sheep (11·4, 10·8 and 10·3) in contrast to the predictions based on the chemical composition (9·6, 10·4 and 12·4). It is concluded that food intake increases with advancing crop maturity but milk production responses are small. Effects on digestibility were inconsistent but the energy value measured in the cows fell with advancing maturity in both years. The increase in crop yield per ha with advancing maturity is likely to be the most important factor influencing the decision to harvest later. The silage additives tested were not beneficial.

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Prevalence of Mycotoxins and Endotoxins in Total Mixed Rations and Different Types of Ensiled Forages for Dairy Cows in Lithuania

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins13120890 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (12) ◽

pp. 890

Author(s):

Gintarė Vaičiulienė ◽

Bronius Bakutis ◽

Jurgita Jovaišienė ◽

Rimvydas Falkauskas ◽

Gediminas Gerulis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

High Performance ◽

Mean Value ◽

The European Union ◽

Maize Silage ◽

Forage Maize ◽

Mean Values ◽

Grass Silage ◽

Different Types ◽

Concentration Limits

In this study, 119 samples of total mixed rations and different types of ensiled forage (maize and grass silage, and haylage) collected in 2019–2020 from dairy farms in Lithuania were analyzed to evaluate the quantitative occurrence of mycotoxins and endotoxins. Samples were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a fluorescent (FLD) and an ultraviolet detector (UV) of mycotoxins and a detection assay based on the ELISA technology for endotoxins. The study included toxins regulated within the European Union (aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON) and T-2 toxin) and nonregulated toxins (endotoxins). Mycotoxin analysis showed that 49.58% of the samples out of 119 were positive for AFB1, 52.11% for ZEA and DON, 55.47% for T-2 toxin and 84.04% for endotoxins. In the contaminated samples, the highest mean values of AFB1 and T-2 toxin were determined in the grass silage samples, while ZEA and DON–were determined in the maize silage samples. Maize silage samples had the highest ZEA and DON concentrations, exceeding the EU maximum permissible concentration limits. In the haylage samples, AFB1 mycotoxin exceeded the maximum concentration limits. The highest mean value of endotoxins was determined in the total mixed rations samples. This is the first study to provide information about the concentrations of mycotoxins and endotoxins in total mixed rations and different types of ensiled forages for dairy cows in Lithuania.

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Acidogenicity of feeds for dairy cows. 2. Production responses

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200598585 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 1998 ◽

pp. 206-206

Author(s):

R.J. Dewhurst ◽

D. Wadhwa ◽

L.P. Borgida ◽

D.W.R. Davies ◽

W.J. Fisher

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Latin Squares ◽

Standard Diet ◽

Lactation Performance ◽

Maize Silage ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Grass Silage ◽

Holstein Friesian ◽

Friesian Cows

Falling prices for cereals and beneficial effects on milk protein concentrations may promote greater inclusions of rapidly fermented ingredients in dairy rations. There is, however, a limit to the inclusion of these feeds into dairy rations beyond which performance declines due to sub-acidosis and related disorders. The feed compounder will need to be able to set limits on levels of feeding concentrates according to these risks. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of feeds of different acidogenicity (Wadhwa et al., 1998) on lactation performance of dairy cows offered diets based on grass- or maize-silage.Twelve multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows in the third month of lactation were used for this experiment. The experimental design involved adaptation and covariance recording on a standard diet (grass silage and 10 kg concentrates per day), followed by three 21-day experimental periods arranged as four 3x3 Latin Squares. The Latin Squares were constrained to a single forage to avoid difficulties in changeovers between grass silage and maize silage.

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Quality Traits of Longissimus thoracis and lumborum and Gluteus medium Muscles from Cull Dairy Holstein-Friesian Cows

Journal of Food Research ◽

10.5539/jfr.v4n6p82 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 (6) ◽

pp. 82

Author(s):

Carlos Santos ◽

Carlos Moniz ◽

Cristina Roseiro ◽

Vera Medeiros ◽

Isabel Afonso ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Aging Time ◽

Gluteus Medius ◽

Meat Tenderness ◽

Mean Values ◽

Lactating Cows ◽

Holstein Friesian ◽

The Mean ◽

Sensorial Attributes ◽

Main Effects ◽

Friesian Cows

Longissimus thoracis and lumborum (LTL) and Gluteus medius (Gm) muscles of culled dairy cows, differing in production status (Ps) at slaughter and carcass weight were assessed for intramuscular fat and myoglobin, color, shear force (SF) and sensorial characteristics, after being aged for 2, 7, 14, 28 and 42 days. Meat from dried-off cows was lighter, redder and had higher yellowness and chroma (P < 0.05) than lactating cows. Meat of finished fed cows improved in color in relation to counterparts directly slaughtered, but not significantly. Color parameters increased with aging time and the mean values of LTL and Gm significantly differed mostly among lactating cows. SF of meat was affected by aging time, muscle type, Ps and by their respective interactions (P < 0.001), with a greater impact in LTL muscle. Meat from LTL muscle of dried-off cows had lower SF (47.30 N) than that of lactating cows (65.61 N) (P < 0.05), but such differences were not significant for Gm muscle. Meat tenderness of finished fed cows was higher than counterparts not finished (P > 0.05). Main effects and the results from their interactions were significant for all sensorial attributes (P < 0.001).

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Effect of forage maize harvested at different stages of maturity on feed intake and performance by growing beef cattle

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200598007 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 1998 ◽

pp. 148-148

Author(s):

E.M. Browne ◽

M.J. Bryant ◽

D.E. Beever ◽

C.L. Thorp

Keyword(s):

Statistical Analysis ◽

Beef Cattle ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Maize Silage ◽

Initial Weight ◽

Forage Maize ◽

Maize Variety ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

And Performance

Dry matter (DM) concentration of maize silage is directly related to maturity of the crop at harvest and widely reported to be positively correlated with total forage DM intake. The objective of this experiment was to investigate these effects using a late maturing beef genotype and a contemporary forage maize variety.Forage maize (variety Hudson) was harvested at four different stages of maturity during September and October 1996. Each stage of maturity was ensiled in a separate clamp with no additive. Resultant silage corrected dry matter contents were 247 (L), 305 (M/L), 331(M/H) and 388 (H)g/kgFW, respectively. Each diet was formulated to be isonitrogenous with fishmeal fed twice daily on top of the silage. Silage was offered ad libitum to 32 growing Simmental X Friesian heifers (mean initial weight 217kg), housed in individual pens in an open-sided Dutch barn and bedded on wheat straw. Eight animals were allocated to each treatment, in a completely randomised design with pre-treatment intake (non-experimental maize silage) used as a covariate in the statistical analysis.

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PSI-12 Effect of a carbohydrase mixture on apparent and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in dry extruded-expelled soybean meal fed to growing pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz258.592 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 292-293

Author(s):

Jichen Song ◽

Ahmed Aljuobori ◽

C Martin Nyachoti ◽

Gustavo A Mejicanos

Keyword(s):

Soybean Meal ◽

Mixed Model ◽

Latin Square ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Sole Source ◽

Antinutritional Factors ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Mean Values ◽

Ileal Digestibility

Abstract Heat treatment could effectively decrease the antinutritional factors in soybean during meal processing. One such progress is the combination of extrusion with expelling, which produces the dry extruded-expelled soybean meal (DESBM), and there is a great interest in exploring its utilization as a dietary ingredient for swine. Thus, eight ileal-cannulated barrows (initial BW = 30 ± 1.3 kg) were used to determine the ileal amino acid (AA) digestibility of DESBM fed to growing pigs with or without multi-carbohydrase (MC) supplementation. Pigs were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design to give eight observations per treatment. The experimental diets were formulated to contain one of the two batches of DESBM (DESBM-1 and DESBM-2) as the sole source of protein. All diets contained titanium dioxide (0.3%) as an indigestible marker to calculate nutrient digestibility. Each experimental period lasted for seven days, and ileal digesta samples were collected on d 6 and d 7. The standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA were calculated using published mean values to estimate ileal endogenous AA losses. Data were analyzed using the mixed model procedures of SAS, and the final model had treatment, batch, and the interaction between treatment and batch as the main effects. In general, the SID of AA in DESBM-1 and DESBM-2 were not different, such as Ile, Lys, Met, Thr, and Val, which averaged 88.97%, 89.77%, 89.08%, 84.38%, and 86.85% respectively. There were no effects of MC supplementation on AID and SID of AA digestibility in DESBM except for the AID of Trp (P < 0.05). Also, there were no interaction effects of MC supplementation and batch on AA digestibility in DESBM. In conclusion, enzyme supplementation did not improve the AID and SID of AA in DESBM fed to growing pigs.

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