scholarly journals Prevalence of Mycotoxins and Endotoxins in Total Mixed Rations and Different Types of Ensiled Forages for Dairy Cows in Lithuania

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 890
Author(s):  
Gintarė Vaičiulienė ◽  
Bronius Bakutis ◽  
Jurgita Jovaišienė ◽  
Rimvydas Falkauskas ◽  
Gediminas Gerulis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Forage Maize ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Concentration Limits

In this study, 119 samples of total mixed rations and different types of ensiled forage (maize and grass silage, and haylage) collected in 2019–2020 from dairy farms in Lithuania were analyzed to evaluate the quantitative occurrence of mycotoxins and endotoxins. Samples were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a fluorescent (FLD) and an ultraviolet detector (UV) of mycotoxins and a detection assay based on the ELISA technology for endotoxins. The study included toxins regulated within the European Union (aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON) and T-2 toxin) and nonregulated toxins (endotoxins). Mycotoxin analysis showed that 49.58% of the samples out of 119 were positive for AFB1, 52.11% for ZEA and DON, 55.47% for T-2 toxin and 84.04% for endotoxins. In the contaminated samples, the highest mean values of AFB1 and T-2 toxin were determined in the grass silage samples, while ZEA and DON–were determined in the maize silage samples. Maize silage samples had the highest ZEA and DON concentrations, exceeding the EU maximum permissible concentration limits. In the haylage samples, AFB1 mycotoxin exceeded the maximum concentration limits. The highest mean value of endotoxins was determined in the total mixed rations samples. This is the first study to provide information about the concentrations of mycotoxins and endotoxins in total mixed rations and different types of ensiled forages for dairy cows in Lithuania.

The effect of crop maturity on the nutritional value of maize silage for lactating dairy cows. 1. Energy and nitrogen utilization

2000 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. B. Cammell ◽  
J. D. Sutton ◽  
D. E. Beever ◽  
D. J. Humphries ◽  
R. H. Phipps
Keyword(s):  
Starch Content ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Forage Maize ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Crop Maturity

AbstractFour multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows fitted with simple cannulas in the proximal duodenum and the rumen were offered four diets in a 4 ✕ 4 Latin-square design to evaluate the effect on energy and nitrogen balance of crop maturity of maize when offered as ensiled food with grass silage and a concentrate. Forage maize (cv. Hudson) was ensiled at target dry matter (DM) contents of 230, 280, 330 and 380 g per kg fresh weight (FW). The mean values for volatile corrected DM (VCDM) and starch content of the maize forages as given were 226, 278, 319 and 357 g/kg FW and 180, 263, 327 and 401 g/kg VCDM respectively. Grass silage (GS) containing 247 g VCDM per kg FW was produced from the primary growth of a perennial ryegrass sward. The diets comprised 8·7 kg DM concentrate per day with one of four forage treatments offered ad libitum, in a 3 : 1 DM ratio of maize silage with GS, designated T23, T28, T33 and T38. Each period was of 6 weeks with energy and nitrogen balances conducted in respiration chambers over 6 days in either week 5 or 6. There were no significant effects of maturity on DM intake. Changes in milk yield and composition were not significant but milk protein yield increased significantly (P < 0·05) with maize maturity up to T33 and was linearly related (P < 0·05) to changes in maize silage starch and neutraland acid-detergent fibre (NDF, ADF) content. Total starch intake increased significantly (P < 0·01) with maturity but apparent digestibility of starch was significantly (P < 0·05) reduced only with the most mature maize silage (T38). NDF and ADF intake and amounts digested were not significantly different despite a numerical decline with stage of maturity. Total nitrogen intake and apparent digestibility were not significantly different although there were significant differences (P < 0·05) in the amount of nitrogen excreted as urine, which was greatest on T23 and least on T33, and milk which was least on T23 and greatest on T33. Mean gross energy (GE) intake increased by 17 MJ/day from T23 to T33 but the differences were non-significant. Faecal energy output on T23 was significantly lower (P < 0·05) than the other treatments whilst urine energy on T23 was significantly higher (P < 0·05) compared with T33. Methane energy losses were not significantly different. There were no significant differences between treatments in either GE digestibility or metabolizability, digestible or metabolizable energy (ME) intakes or in the partition of ME to heat, tissue or milk. The calculated ME concentrations of the maize silages were not significantly different with an overall mean of 12·3 MJ/kg VCDM estimated at maintenance intake, or 0·63 MJ/MJ GE. Changes in maize silage composition resulted in a doubling of the ratio of digested starch to digested NDF (0·66, 0·94, 1·10 and 1·21) for treatments T23 to T38 respectively. Despite this large change in digested nutrients no differences in the efficiency of energy utilization were detected.

scholarly journals Radon levels in different types of bottled drinking water and carbonated drinks in Iraqi markets

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 206-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Abid Abojassim ◽  
Suha H. Kadhim ◽  
Hussien Abid Ali Mraity ◽  
Rua R. Munim
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Radon Concentration ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
World Health ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Bottled Drinking Water ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Carbonated Drinks

In the present work, radon concentration was measured for different types of bottled drinking water and carbonated drink samples that are available in Iraqi markets. Radon measurements were carried out using a RAD-7 electronic radon detector. Annual effective dose was also calculated. The measured radon concentration in samples of bottled drinking water ranged from 0.0354 to 0.248 Bq/l with a mean value of 0.11265 Bq/l and the measured radon concentration in the samples of the carbonated drinks lay between 0.0354 and 0.283 Bq/l with a mean value of 0.1418 Bq/l. The mean values of the effective dose in all samples of bottled drinking water and carbonated drinks were found to be 0.410844 and 1.022 μSv/y respectively. The results of this work revealed that the radon concentrations were lower than the recommended limits indicated by the World Health Organization and by the regulatory bodies of the European Union.

scholarly journals Supplementation of maize silage or mixed forage (maize and grass silage) based rations with rumen protected methionine for dairy cows

1995 ◽  
Vol 44 (Suppl. 1) ◽  
pp. 380-380
Author(s):  
P. Brunschwig ◽  
P. Augeard ◽  
B. Sloan ◽  
K. Tanan
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Forage Maize ◽  
Grass Silage

The effects of replacing maize silage by triticale whole crop silage in a roughage mixture with grass silage on feed intake and milk production by dairy cows

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 78-78
Author(s):  
G. van Duinkerken ◽  
R.L.G. Zom ◽  
E.J.B. Bleumer
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Forage Maize ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Fodder Crops ◽  
Sprinkle Irrigation

In the Netherlands, grass and forage maize are the most important fodder crops. However, on drought prone sandy soils, and in years with insufficient rainfall the yield of maize is very low (7 to 8 tons DM/ha). Therefore, sprinkle irrigation is often applied to overcome problems with drought. However, in some regions sprinkle irrigation is not possible because of a lack of suitable water or due to legislative restrictions on the use of water for irrigation. In situations where water is a limiting factor for growing maize, triticale may be an alternative fodder crop. Triticale grows mainly during the early spring when there usually is a precipitation surplus and so, water is not a limiting factor for growth. When triticale is harvested as triticale whole crop silage the DM yield ranges between 9 and 11 ton of dry matter per hectare. Therefore, under water limiting conditions it may be attractive to replace forage maize by triticale whole crop silage.

Acidogenicity of feeds for dairy cows. 2. Production responses

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 206-206
Author(s):  
R.J. Dewhurst ◽  
D. Wadhwa ◽  
L.P. Borgida ◽  
D.W.R. Davies ◽  
W.J. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Latin Squares ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Lactation Performance ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Friesian Cows

Falling prices for cereals and beneficial effects on milk protein concentrations may promote greater inclusions of rapidly fermented ingredients in dairy rations. There is, however, a limit to the inclusion of these feeds into dairy rations beyond which performance declines due to sub-acidosis and related disorders. The feed compounder will need to be able to set limits on levels of feeding concentrates according to these risks. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of feeds of different acidogenicity (Wadhwa et al., 1998) on lactation performance of dairy cows offered diets based on grass- or maize-silage.Twelve multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows in the third month of lactation were used for this experiment. The experimental design involved adaptation and covariance recording on a standard diet (grass silage and 10 kg concentrates per day), followed by three 21-day experimental periods arranged as four 3x3 Latin Squares. The Latin Squares were constrained to a single forage to avoid difficulties in changeovers between grass silage and maize silage.

Incremental effects of ground rapeseed on digestion in lactating dairy cows

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 107-107
Author(s):  
C.K. Reynolds ◽  
D. J. Humphries ◽  
J. D. Sutton ◽  
B. Lupoli ◽  
D.E. Beever
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Production Study ◽  
Fatty Acid Absorption

Crushed rapeseed and other oil seeds offer an economical source of fat and protein in diets for lactating dairy cows, but the potential inhibitory effects of their unsaturated fatty acids on fibre digestion in the rumen are a concern. Feeding crushed rapeseed in a grass silage-based ration increased milk yield without affecting intake (Reynoldset al., 1998), and had no measurable effects on rumen or total tract digestion (Reynoldset al., 2000). In a companion study, feeding increasing amounts of ground rapeseed in a maize silage-based ration decreased DM intake at higher levels of inclusion (Reynoldset al., 2002). This effect may reflect metabolic effects of rapeseed fatty acid absorption, or negative effects of rapeseed oil on rumen fermentation and fibre digestion. The present study was conducted simultaneously to the production study to determine the incremental effects of ground rapeseed on rumen, post-rumen and total tract digestion in lactating dairy cows fed maize silage-based rations.

scholarly journals Digestion of feed amino acids in the rumen and small intestine of dairy cows measured with nylon-bag techniques

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. van Straalen ◽  
J. J. Odinga ◽  
W. Mostert
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Considerable Effect ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Total N ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Silage Maize

The disappearance of total N, non-protein-N and amino acid-N after washing, rumen incubation and intestinal passage of sugarbeet pulp, maize-gluten feed, maize feed meal, palm kernel meal, soyabean hulls, soyabean meal, grass silage, maize silage and concentrate was measured in four dairy cows using nylon-bag techniques. Disappearance of amino acid-N after washing varied between feedstuff's from 14 to 69% of feed amino acid-N, and was lower than disappearance of non-protein-N. For sugarbeet pulp, grass silage and maize silage, washing had a considerable effect on the amino acid profile. Disappearance of amino acid-N after rumen incubation was also lower than non-protein-N and varied between feedstuffs from 25 to 73% of feed amino acid-N. Rumen incubation had only a small effect on the amino acid profile of the residue after washing. Disappearance of amino acid-N in the intestine varied between feedstuffs from 70 to 99% of rumen undegraded amino acid-N, and was higher than the disappearance of non-protein-N. Intestinal incubation showed a considerable effect on the amino acid profile for all feedstuffs. It was concluded that protein that was assumed to escape rumen degradation and was absorbable in the intestine was higher in amino acids and methionine, and lower in non-amino acid-N and glutamic acid and proline compared with protein in the feedstuff.

Maize silage and Italian ryegrass silage as high-energy forages in organic dairy cow diets: Differences in feed intake, milk yield and quality, and nitrogen efficiency

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 378-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Baldinger ◽  
W. Zollitsch ◽  
W.F. Knaus
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Organic Dairy

AbstractDuring the winter feeding period in organic dairy production systems in the alpine and pre-alpine regions of Austria and its neighboring countries, maize silage is an energy-rich forage that is regularly included in grass-silage-based diets to improve the energy supply of the cows. Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorumLam.) is also a high-energy fodder grass popular as forage for dairy cows, but it is rarely cultivated in Austrian organic agriculture. The two crops differ in their cultivation demands and characteristics. Italian ryegrass establishes rapidly and may reduce the risk of soil erosion. Italian ryegrass would be a beneficial addition to crop rotation, which is an essential tool in successful organic farming. In a 15-week feeding trial, Italian ryegrass silage and maize silage were fed to 22 lactating Holstein dairy cows. Organically produced Italian ryegrass silage and maize silage were included at a rate of 40% [of dry matter (DM)] in grass-silage-based mixed basal diets. The mixed basal diets were supplemented with modest amounts of additional concentrates (2.7–3.0 kg DM day−1). Owing to the higher energy content of maize silage as compared to Italian ryegrass silage, the maize diet provided more energy [6.3 MJ net energy for lactation (NEL) kg−1DM] than the ryegrass diet (6.15 MJ NEL kg−1DM). The protein supply of the maize diet and the ryegrass diet was intended to be equal, but in fact the protein content of the maize diet was significantly lower (122 g crude protein kg−1DM) than that of the ryegrass diet (141 g kg−1DM). When the maize diet was fed, feed intake, milk yield and milk protein content were significantly higher as compared to the ryegrass diet. Also, intake of crude protein was significantly lower when feeding the maize diet, and in combination with the higher milk protein yield, this enabled an efficiency of gross nitrogen (N) utilization as high as 0.304. This level of N efficiency can be considered as above average and was significantly and considerably higher than the level of 0.259 observed when the ryegrass diet was fed. Therefore, maize silage upholds its reputation as an ideal energy-rich component in grass-silage-based dairy cow diets.

Maize silage for the pasture-fed dairy cow. 3. A comparison with greenchop maize grazing perennial pasture in late summer

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 293 ◽  
Author(s):  
JB Moran
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Forage Maize ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Rumen Metabolism ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Maize Grain

Dairy cows in mid lactation were pen-fed ad libitum maize silage, ad libitum maize greenchop, or restricted maize greenchop. A cottonseed meal supplement was also fed at 20% forage maize DM. The maize greenchop was harvested daily over 5 weeks during February and March. Both forms of forage maize were fed to sheep in metabolism cages. Digestibility was always higher with maize silage. Digestibility of maize greenchop improved with time until 34-36% DM, after which it declined, this being associated with changes in structural carbohydrates in the crop. Cows fed maize silage produced more milk and gained less weight than cows fed both greenchop diets. In a concurrent field trial, cows grazed irrigated perennial pastures in late summer and were offered 7-8 kg DM/day of the silage or greenchop. Additional cows were allocated extra pasture with no supplement. Treatment differences in milk production and liveweight change were not significant. There were differences in rumen metabolism between diets in both pen-fed and grazed cows; rumen ammonia levels increased during the day in cows fed maize silage, but they decreased or remained constant when maize greenchop was fed. There was more maize grain in greenchop at physiological maturity than in silage, and this could have contributed to observed differences in performance and rumen metabolism. The low rumen ammonia levels, and the fact that forage maize was higher in energy than the pasture on offer, suggest that milk response would have improved with the inclusion of a rumen-degradable nitrogen source such as urea with the forage maize supplements.

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