Effectiveness of exogenous microbial phytase in improving the bioavailabilities of phosphorus and other nutrients in maize-soya-bean meal diets for broilers

2001 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Camden ◽  
P.C.H. Morel ◽  
D. V. Thomas ◽  
V. Ravindran ◽  
M. R. Bedford
Keyword(s):  
Positive Control ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Phytate Phosphorus ◽  
Phytate Degradation ◽  
Apparent Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Microbial Phytase ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

AbstractA 3-week feeding trial using 300 1-day-old male broiler chicks was conducted to evaluate the effects of adding three levels of a microbial phytase (Finnfeed phytase; 250, 500 and 1000 U per kg diet) to a maize-soya-bean-meal diet containing 3·0 g/kg non-phytate phosphorus and 8·0 g/kg calcium. A diet containing 4·0 g/kg non-phytate phosphorus and 9·0 g/kg calcium served as the positive control. The responses were evaluated in terms of broiler performance, toe ash contents, ileal phytate degradation, ileal digestibility of nitrogen, amino acids, phosphorus, starch and fat, apparent metabolizable energy, apparent ileal digestible energy, and apparent retention of phosphorus and nitrogen. The addition of 500 U phytase per kg diet to the phosphorus-deficient maize-soya-bean-meal diet improved the performance and toe ash contents of broilers to equal those given the positive control diet. Ileal phytate degradation data provided direct evidence to the efficacy of phytase in hydrolysing the phytic acid. Addition of 500 U phytase per kg to the maize-soya-bean-meal diet which contained 3·0 g phytate-phosphorus per kg resulted in more than doubling of phytate degradation from 0·218 to 0·481. Supplemental phytase improved ileal digestibility of nitrogen, amino acids, starch and lipids, with these improvements being eventually reflected in enhancements in ileal digestible energy and apparent metabolizable energy.

Estimation of endogenous amino acid losses in growing chickens given soya-bean meal supplemented or not with DL-methionine

2002 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Fernández-Fígares ◽  
R. Nieto ◽  
the late C. Prieto ◽  
J. F. Aguilera
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Protein Free Diet ◽  
Lower Ileum

AbstractAn experiment was carried out in growing chickens to study the effect of supplementation of a semi-synthetic diet containing soya-bean meal as the sole protein source with DL-methionine, to improve its biological value, on the excretion of endogenous protein and amino acids measured in lower ileum and total tract using traditional methods. Thirty-two White Rock male broilers (10 days old) were randomly divided into eight groups each of four birds, of similar body weight (mean live weight: 142·8 (s.e. 0·68) g), and individually housed in metabolism cages. Following a paired-feeding design based on metabolic body weight (kgM0·75), each group of birds was given, for an experimental period of 20 days, each of four levels of protein (60, 120, 180 or 240 g/kg; 5 days each) in two groups of isoenergetic (14·5 kJ metabolizable energy per g dry matter) and semi-synthetic diets based on soya-bean meal, either not supplemented or supplemented with 2 g/kg DL-methionine (diets S and SM, respectively). After 3 days of each treatment excreta were collected for 48 h, frozen and stored at –20ºC. At the end of the fourth treatment three chickens of each group were killed and their lower ileal contents collected. The remaining chick of each treatment was fasted for 24 h and given a protein-free diet for 8 days and excreta were collected for the last 4 days. Then (day 39 of age), chickens were killed and lower ileum contents removed and stored at –20ºC. Samples of excreta and lower ileum contents were subjected to nitrogen (N) analysis by Kjeldahl procedure and amino acid (AA) analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography. Supplementation with DL-methionine of the soya-bean meal-based diets halved total tract endogenous AA losses. Regression analysis produced a higher estimation of ileal and faecal endogenous AA excretion than feeding a protein-free diet. Endogenous AA excretion determined in the lower ileum was higher than in excreta no matter which estimation procedure was utilized. In conclusion, supplementation of dietary protein with the first limiting AA to improve its protein quality, causes an important drop in endogenous AA losses, that may have an important effect on the N economy and energy requirements in poultry. The use of regression analysis on excreta data where graded amounts of protein are given to growing chickens, seems a suitable method for determining endogenous AA losses provided that good quality proteins are used.

The effect of level of protein supplementation on the performance and carcass composition of young bulls given grass silage ad libitum

1991 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. J. Steen
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Total N ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTTwo experiments have been carried out to examine the effects of the level of protein supplementation given with grass silage-based diets on the performance and carcass composition of bulls, and to compare diets based on silage and dried forage. The five treatments used consisted of grass silage offered ad libitum and supplemented with 2·5 kg dry matter (DM) of barley-based concentrates containing (1) zero (2) 200 (3) 400 and (4) 600 g soya-bean meal per kg and (5) artificially dried grass and hay supplemented with 3·2 kg concentrate DM. The silages used in both experiments were well preserved, containing on average 200 g DM per kg; 140 g crude protein (CP) per kg DM; 63 g ammonia-nitrogen per kg total N and 731 g digestible organic matter per kg DM. The bulls were of late-maturing breed type and were initially 12 months old and 412 and 405 kg live weight in experiments 1 and 2 respectively. For treatments 1, 2, 4 and 5 in experiment 1 respectively (treatment 3 was not used) total DM intakes were 8·3, 8·3, 81 and 110 (s.e. 0·21) kg/day; CP intakes 1063, 1271, 1664 and 1539g/day; metabolizable energy intakes (MEI) 98, 99, 96 and 87 MJ/day; carcass weights 317, 316, 317 and 316 (s.e. 3·2) kg; carcass saleable meat concentrations 714, 712, 718 and 716 (s.e. 5·8) g/kg and carcass fat trims 73, 81, 73 and 68 (s.e. 3·9) g/kg. In experiment 2 for treatments 1 to 5 respectively total DM intakes were 8·3, 8·5, 8·3, 8·4 and 11·2 (s.e. 0·26) kg/day; CP intakes were 1090, 1329, 1504, 1720 and 1561 g/day; MEI 102, 106, 103, 103 and 94 MJ/day; carcass weights 318, 331, 330, 327 and 321 (s.e. 3·3) kg; carcass saleable meat concentrations 726, 721, 725, 721 and 732 (s.e. 60) g/kg and fat trims 71, 77, 78, 80 and 64 (s.e. 4·5) g/kg. It is concluded that protein supplementation of a silage-based diet did not affect performance or carcass fatness in experiment 1 or carcass fatness in experiment 2, but including 200 or 400 g soya-bean meal per kg concentrate increased performance in experiment 2. Animals given silage produced fatter carcasses than those given dried forage in experiment 2 but not in experiment 1.

Utilization of ileal digestible amino acids by growing pigs: isoleucine

1994 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
L. M. Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Protein Concentrates ◽  
Lupin Seed ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

Two experiments were conducted to determine the utilization of ileal digestible isoleucine by growing pigs. In the first, the apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids in cottonseed meal, lupin-seed meal and soya-bean meal was determined in pigs fitted with‘T‘-shaped cannulas. In the second, three isoleucine-deficient diets were formulated to 0.23 g ileal digestible isoleucine/MJ digestible energy (DE) with the three protein concentrates contributing the only source of isoleucine in sucrose-based diets. An additional three diets were formulated with supplements of isoleucine to confirm that isoleucine was limiting in the first three diets. The growth performance and retention of isoleucine by pigs given the six diets over the 20–45 kg growth phase were then determined. The apparent ileal digestibility of isoleucine in the three protein concentrates (proportion of total) was: cottonseed meal 0.68, lupin-seed meal 0.86, soya-bean meal 0.86. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in growth rates (g/d) and crude protein deposition rates (g/d) of the pigs given the three diets formulated to 0.23 g ileal digestible isoleucine/MJ DE: cottonseed meal 590, 84; lupin-seed meal 613, 87; soya-bean meal 594, 91 (SEM 13.0, 2.9) respectively. The response of pigs to the addition of isoleucine confirmed that isoleucine was limiting in these diets. The proportion of ileal digestible isoleucine retained by pigs given the cottonseed meal (0.65) was slightly lower than that retained by pigs given soya-bean meal (0.73; P < 0.05). These results indicate that values for the ileal digestibility of isoleucine in protein concentrates more closely reflect the proportion of isoleucine that can be utilized by the pig than occurs for other amino acids such as lysine, threonine and methionine.

Replacement of zinc sulphate by microbial phytase for piglets given a maize-soya-bean meal diet

2005 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Jondrevillea ◽  
R. Hayler ◽  
D. Feuerstein
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Zinc Concentration ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Zinc Status ◽  
Plasma Zinc ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Microbial Phytase ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

AbstractForty-eight pigs, weaned at 27 days of age at an average body weight of 7·55 kg were used in a 19-day experiment to investigate the influence of microbial phytase on zinc utilization and to calculate equivalency values of zinc as sulphate for microbial phytase. Eight experimental diets were formulated: a maize-soya-bean meal basal diet containing 30 mg of zinc per kg supplemented with 10, 25, 40 or 100 mg of zinc from sulphate (ZnSO4, 7H2O) per kg or with 100, 250, 500 or 750 units (U) of microbial phytase (3- phytase from Aspergillus niger, Natuphos ®) per kg. The dietary supplies of calcium and phosphorus were adjusted accounting for the release of these elements by microbial phytase. The copper concentration in the diets was 11 mg/kg. Pigs were given the basal diet for a 7-day adjustment period prior to the 19-day experimental period. At the end of the experiment, bone ash, phosphorus and calcium concentrations as well as plasma and liver copper concentrations were independent of the diet (P> 0·10). The zinc status of piglets was assessed through plasma alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) and zinc concentration, bone zinc concentration and liver zinc concentration. Plasma zinc, plasma APA and bone zinc increased linearly (P< 0·001) and quadratically (P< 0·01,P< 0·001 andP< 0·001, respectively) with zinc added. These parameters also increased linearly (P< 0·001) and quadratically (P< 0·05,P< 0·001 andP< 0·05, respectively) with phytase added. Liver zinc increased quadratically (P< 0·05) with zinc added and tended to increase linearly with phytase added (P= 0·077). Linear and non-linear response equations of indicators of zinc status to zinc added and phytase added were developed and used to calculate zinc equivalency values of phytase. Non-linear models were linear plateau models for zinc added and exponential models for phytase added. Plasma APA, plasma zinc and bone zinc were maximized when zinc added reached 43, 54 and 56 mg/kg of diet, respectively. The mean function of equivalency of zinc as sulphate (Zn, mg/kg of diet) for microbial phytase (Phyt, U per kg of diet) was Zn = 49·9 − 58·3 e−0·00233Phyt. From this equation it is calculated that 250, 500, and 750 U of 3-phytase from Aspergillus niger can avoid the addition of 17, 32 and 40 mg of zinc as sulphate in a piglet diet. Zinc ingested and, in turn, zinc excreted, may be proportionately reduced by almost 0·30 by replacing 30 mg of zinc as sulphate by 500 U of phytase as Natuphos ® in a piglet maize and soya-bean meal diet formulated to contain 100 mg of zinc per kg.

Sites of digestion in the calf. I. The digestion of diets containing barley and wheat chaff supplemented with soya bean meal or urea

1976 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 287 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Leibholz
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Wheat Chaff ◽  
Total Amino Acids

Four Friesian bull calves were fitted with re-entrant duodenal cannulae within 1 week of birth. From 13 weeks of age the calves were fed on one of three diets all containing 17% crude protein. Diet A contained barley, 15% wheat chaff and soya bean meal, diet B barley, 15% wheat chaff and urea, and diet C barley, 45% wheat chaff and soya bean meal. The diets were given for 2 weeks, and on the last day of each feeding period total collections were made of the digesta leaving the abomasum over a 12 hr period. The diets were then changed so that each calf was offered each diet twice. The total apparent digestion of the organic matter in the diet containing 45% wheat straw was less than that of those containing 15% wheat straw. This was due to less digestion in both the stomach and hindgut. The flow of nitrogen from the abomasum, expressed as a percentage of the nitrogen intake, was less when the calves were fed on the diet containing urea (B) than when they were fed on those containing soya bean meal (A and C). Also, a larger proportion of the nitrogen was of microbial origin when they were on diet B. The proportion of essential amino acids in the total amino acids flowing from the abomasum was greater than that in the total amino acids present in all diets. Also, the apparent digestion of essential amino acids in the hindgut was greater than that of non-essential amino acids. It is calculated that methionine and threonine may be limiting for the growth of calves given diets A and B, while dietary metabolizable energy intake was probably the first factor limiting the growth of calves on diet C.

Standardized ileal digestibility of proteins and amino acids in sesame expeller and soya bean meal in weaning piglets

2014 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 728-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Aguilera ◽  
T. C. Reis de Souza ◽  
G. Mariscal-Landín ◽  
K. Escobar ◽  
S. Montaño ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Weaning Piglets

scholarly journals Utilization of ileal digestible amino acids by growing pigs: tryptophan

1994 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
L. M. Andersen ◽  
D. R. Baigent
Keyword(s):  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

The ileal digestibility of tryptophan for growing pigs was determined for cottonseed, meat-and-bone and soya-bean meals. Tryptophan in the food and digesta was measured by two analytical procedures (NaOH hydrolysis and colorimetric estimation (method 1) and LiOH hydrolysis and HPLC determination (method 2)). The results were respectively: cottonseed meal 0.46, 0.81; meat-and-bone meal 0.55, 0.65; soya-bean meal 0.74, 0.90. In the first experiment the values for method 1 were shown to be inapplicable to pigs. In a second experiment three tryptophan-deficient diets (005 g ileal digestible tryptophan/MJ digestible energy (DE)) were formulated using values from method 2 for cottonseed meal, meat-and-bone meal plus L-tryptophan and soya-bean meal respectively as the only sources of tryptophan in the diets. This experiment was terminated after 28 d as overall growth performance of the pigs was very low. A third experiment was conducted in a similar manner to Expt 2 except that the diets were formulated to 0.065g ileal digestible tryptophan/MJ DE and growth responses and tryptophan retention were assessed over the 20–45 kg growth phase. Growth rates (g.d) of the pigs given the three diets were significantly different (P < 0.01): cottonseed meal 393, meat-and-bone meal plus L-tryptophan 531, soya-bean meal 437 (SED 39.0). Tryptophan retention (as a proportion of ileal digestible tryptophan intake) was significantly different (P < 0.05): cottonseed meal 0.51, meat-and-bone meal plus L-tryptophan 0.49, soya-bean meal 0.41. These results indicate (1) that the colorimetric technique for assessing tryptophan was inapplicable and (2) that ileal digestible values for tryptophan were not suitable for formulating diets containing heat-processed proteins, possibly due to absorption of some of the tryptophan in a form that was non-utilizable, and/or to underestimation of total tryptophan in the protein concentrates.

Efficiency of utilization during pregnancy and lactation in the ewe of the protein reaching the abomasum and truly digested in the small intestine

1989 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. T. Ngongoni ◽  
J. J. Robinson ◽  
R. P. Aitken ◽  
C. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Regression Estimate ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTIn six experiments carried out on individually penned Finn Dorset ewes estimates were made of the quantities of non-ammonia nitrogen (NAN) reaching the abomasum and truly digested in the small intestine. For experiments 1 and 2 which each involved 33 ewes given a complete diet of milled hay and concentrates supplemented with varying amounts of a good-quality fish meal during late pregnancy, the overall regression estimate for the daily amount of truly digested NAN required for zero N retention (ewe plus conceptus) was 438 mg/kg M0·75 (441 and 434 for experiments 1 and 2 respectively). The coefficients for the efficiency of utilization of increments of truly digested NAN and maternal tissue N for net N accretion in the conceptus were 0·48 (s.e. 0·039) and 0·84 (s.e. 0·127) respectively.In experiment 3, 24 lactating ewes had their diet supplemented with either soya-bean meal or fish meal. There was no effect of protein source on the amounts of NAN reaching the abomasum in ewes fitted with an abomasal cannula or on milk yield and these observations confirmed the unusually high degradability (measured by the polyester bag technique) of the fish-meal protein in the rumen. For experiments 4, 5 and 6 a total of 36 ewes were used to test the efficiency with which the NAN truly digested in the small intestine was used for the synthesis of milk protein. In the absence of data on the possible contribution of body tissue N to milk N the coefficient for the apparent efficiency of utilization of truly digested NAN when the ewes were given a basal diet containing approximately 10 g crude protein per MJ metabolizable energy was 0·63. For those ewes receiving the basal diet supplemented with either soya-bean meal, fish meal or blood meal the coefficients for the efficiency of utilization for the production of milk N of the increments in truly digested NAN supplied by the three protein sources were 0·61, 0·54 and 0·29 respectively. It is suggested that the low coefficient for blood meal may be due to its low content of methionine.

Responses of British Friesian steers with or without implants of oestradiol-17β to undegradable dietary protein

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Newbold ◽  
P. C. Garnsworthy ◽  
P. J. Buttery ◽  
D. J. A. Cole ◽  
W. Haresign
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Protein Nutrition ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Protein Supply ◽  
Degradable Protein

AbstractThe ability of the protein nutrition scheme proposed by the Agricultural Research Council (ARC, 1980, 1984) to predict responses to protein supply was examined in two experiments. In experiment 1, groups of nine British Friesian steers implanted with oestradiol-17β and nine non-implanted steers were fed from 133 to 300 kg live weight on each of four all-concentrate diets (metabolizable energy (ME) = 12 MJ/kg dry matter (DM)) containing ratios of soya-bean meal and formaldehyde-treated soya-bean meal such that undegradable protein (UDP) concentration was 19, 25, 32 or 42 g/kg DM. Rumen degradable protein (RDP) concentration was relatively constant (111 to 116 g/kg DM). Implantation did not affect DM intake (DMI, g/kg M0·75). Both live-weight gain (LWG) and food conversion efficiency (FCE) (LWG/DMI) were greater (P < 0·05) for the implanted cattle (LWG = 1·41 (s.e. 0·04) kg/day; FCE = 0·24 (s.e. 0·02)) than for the non-implanted cattle (LWG = 1·23 (s.e. 0·05) kg/day; FCE = 0·22 (s.e. 0·02)). There were no dietary effects on either DMI or FCE. In the non-implanted steers, UDP did not affect LWG but, for the implanted steers, there were positive, linear responses in LWG to both UDP concentration (P = 0·048) and UDP intake (P = 0·026). In experiment 2, groups of eight implanted steers were fed from 132 to 300 kg live weight on each of six diets (ME = 12 MJ/kg DM, soya-bean meal and formaldehyde-treated soya-bean meal as chief protein sources) supplying 17, 26, 34, 39, 54 and 82 g UDP per kg DM and concentrations of RDP up to 1·5 times ARC recommendations. There was no effect of UDP on either DMI or FCE but positive, linear responses in LWG to both UDP concentration (P = 0·019) and UDP intake (P = 0·010). In both experiments, mean DMI exceeded that predicted by ARC (1980) (P < 0·05). LWG predicted by the ME system and the ARC protein scheme was not significantly different from observed LWG for non-implanted steers, but was an underestimate of observed LWG for implanted steers (P = 0·002 in experiment 1, P < 0·001 in experiment 2). Observed responses in LWG to UDP concentration were also poorly predicted (regressions of observed on predicted LWG: experiment 1, r2 = 0·12, residual s.d. = 0·126; experiment 2, r2 = 0·004, residual s.d. = 0·119). It was concluded that oestradiol-17p has significant effects on responses in LWG to UDP, which are not predicted by the current ARC (1980, 1984) protein nutrition scheme.

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