scholarly journals Modal verbs of strong obligation in Scottish Standard English

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
OLE SCHÜTZLER ◽  
JENNY HERZKY
Keyword(s):  
General Pattern ◽  
Standard English ◽  
Multinomial Regression ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Modal Verbs ◽  
Grammatical Subject ◽  
Multinomial Regression Model ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Mode Of Production

This article investigates differences between Scottish Standard English (SSE) and Southern British Standard English (SBSE) in the semantic domain of strong obligation. Focusing on the modal verbs must, have to, need to and (have) got to, we use new corpus material from nineteen written and spoken genres in the Scottish component of the International Corpus of English (ICE-SCO) and corresponding texts from ICE-GB. Data are analysed using a mixed-effect multinomial regression model to predict the choice of verb. Language-internal factors include mode of production (written/spoken), grammatical subject (first/second/third person) and source of obligation (objective/subjective). Our results show that, as previous research suggests, SSE is much more likely to employ need to for the expression of strong obligation, and less likely to employ must and (have) got to. This general pattern remains essentially unaffected by language-internal factors. To account for our findings, we draw on the sociologically motivated process of democratisation and the language-internal process of grammaticalisation.

scholarly journals Application of Multinomial Regression Model to Identify Parameters Impacting Traffic Barrier Crash Severity

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-64
Author(s):  
Mahdi Rezapour ◽  
Amirarsalan Mehrara Molan ◽  
Khaled Ksaibati
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Crash Severity ◽  
Multinomial Regression ◽  
Interstate Highways ◽  
The Road ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Multinomial Regression Model ◽  
Proportional Odds Assumption ◽  
And Performance

Background: Run Off The Road (ROTR) crashes are some of the most severe crashes that could occur on roadways. The main countermeasure that can be taken to address this type of crashe is traffic barrier installation. Although ROTR crashes can be mitigated significantly by traffic barriers, still traffic barrier crashes resulted in considerable amount of severe crashes. Besides, the types of traffic barriers, driver actions and performance play an important role in the severity of these crashes. Methods: This study was conducted by incorporating only traffic barrier crashes in Wyoming. Based on the literature review there are unique contributory factors in different crash types. Therefore, in addition to focusing on traffic barrier crashes, crashes were divided into two different highway classes: interstate and non-interstate highways. Results: The result of proportional odds assumption was an indication that multinomial logistic regression model is appropriate for both non-interstate and interstates crashes involved with traffic barriers. The results indicated that road surface conditions, age, driver restraint and negotiating a curve were some of the factors that impact the severity of traffic barrier crashes on non-interstate highways. On the other hand, the results of interstate barrier crashes indicated that besides types of barriers, driver condition, citation record, speed limit compliance were some of the factors that impacted the interstate traffic barrier crash severity. Conclusion: The results of this study would provide the policymakers with the directions to take appropriate countermeasures to alleviate the severity of traffic barrier crashes.

scholarly journals Aspect forms and functions in Sorbian varieties

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Breu
Keyword(s):  
Past Tense ◽  
Verbal Aspect ◽  
Modal Verbs ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Clear Differentiation

AbstractIn this paper, we discuss different types of verbal aspect in three varieties of Sorbian, Standard Lower and Upper Sorbian and Colloquial Upper Sorbian. There are basically two formally differentiated aspect oppositions in Sorbian, the Slavic opposition of perfectivity, expressed by stem alternations (prefixation, suffixation and suppletion) and thus grammatically derivative, and the opposition of aorist and imperfect, expressed by inflection. These two types are, however, restricted in their distribution, as modern Lower Sorbian lacks the inflectional type completely, and Colloquial Upper Sorbian uses it only with auxiliaries, modal verbs and some verbs of speech. Even in Standard Upper Sorbian the independence of the two oppositions is rather relative, as only the second and third person singular have different endings for the two grammemes, whereas in all other persons formal differences between imperfect and aorist are expressed, if at all, only by stem alternations, dependent on the opposition between the imperfective and the perfective stem. Therefore, even in Standard Upper Sorbian we have a clear differentiation between perfective and imperfective only outside the synthetic past tense, e.g. in the analytic

Simplification and redistribution

2003 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graeme Trousdale
Keyword(s):  
External Factors ◽  
Standard English ◽  
Modal Verbs ◽  
Spoken English ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Modal Verb ◽  
English Usage ◽  
The One ◽  
Newcastle Upon Tyne

This article considers patterns of modal verb usage, based on data collected from twenty informants from Newcastle-upon-Tyne in the north-east of England, which show differences from material taken from the Survey of English Usage, used as data in Coates (1983, 1995). The paper therefore attempts to describe and explain differences in the use of the modals between authoritative accounts of Standard English on the one hand and the informal spoken English of a sample of speakers from Tyneside on the other. I argue that the reason for these differences may be in part due to increased markedness (systemic, sociolinguistic and stylistic) of certain forms, which induces simplification (the (re)creation of regularity within the system, through focussing) and redistribution (where modalities previously expressed by certain modal verbs come to be expressed by other modals within the system). Throughout, I try to suggest an approach to variation which considers language-internal and language-external factors.

Predictive markers of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in lean patients. A multinomial regression model and a 2k factorial analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol Publish Ahead of Print ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Purón-González ◽  
Arnulfo González-Cantú ◽  
Edgar Ulises Coronado-Alejandro ◽  
Oswaldo Enrique Sánchez-Dávila ◽  
Héctor Cobos-Aguilar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Predictive Markers ◽  
Factorial Analysis ◽  
Multinomial Regression ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Multinomial Regression Model

scholarly journals Intra-paradigmatic variation in Eleme verbal agreement

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Bond
Keyword(s):  
Second Person ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
Serial Verb Constructions ◽  
Grammatical Subject ◽  
Verb Constructions ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Serial Verb ◽  
Subject Agreement ◽  
Verbal Agreement ◽  
Auxiliary Verb

Mismatches in the morphosyntactic features of controllers and targets in the Eleme (Ogonoid, Niger-Congo) participant reference system allow for a subject agreement paradigm in which the person of the grammatical subject is indicated by a verbal prefix, while plural number is marked by a suffix on different targets — either lexical verbs or auxiliaries — based on the person value of the controller. I examine the distribution of Eleme ‘Default Subject’ agreement affixes and the intra-paradigmatic asymmetry found between second-person plural and third-person plural subjects in Auxiliary Verb Constructions (AVC) and Serial Verb Constructions (SVC). I argue that the criteria by which the various agreement affixes select an appropriate morphological host can be modelled in terms of agreement prerequisites even when distributional variation is paradigm internal.

scholarly journals Fever and hypothermia represent two populations of sepsis patients and are associated with outside temperature

Critical Care ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel O. Thomas-Rüddel ◽  
Peter Hoffmann ◽  
Daniel Schwarzkopf ◽  
Christian Scheer ◽  
Friedhelm Bach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Thermal Response ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
High Fever ◽  
Multinomial Regression ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Multinomial Regression Model ◽  
Fever Response

Abstract Background Fever and hypothermia have been observed in septic patients. Their influence on prognosis is subject to ongoing debates. Methods We did a secondary analysis of a large clinical dataset from a quality improvement trial. A binary logistic regression model was calculated to assess the association of the thermal response with outcome and a multinomial regression model to assess factors associated with fever or hypothermia. Results With 6542 analyzable cases we observed a bimodal temperature response characterized by fever or hypothermia, normothermia was rare. Hypothermia and high fever were both associated with higher lactate values. Hypothermia was associated with higher mortality, but this association was reduced after adjustment for other risk factors. Age, community-acquired sepsis, lower BMI and lower outside temperatures were associated with hypothermia while bacteremia and higher procalcitonin values were associated with high fever. Conclusions Septic patients show either a hypothermic or a fever response. Whether hypothermia is a maladaptive response, as indicated by the higher mortality in hypothermic patients, or an adaptive response in patients with limited metabolic reserves under colder environmental conditions, remains an open question. Trial registration The original trial whose dataset was analyzed was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01187134) on August 23, 2010, the first patient was included on July 1, 2011.

scholarly journals Poverty and Education in Algeria

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-80
Author(s):  
Samir MALIKI ◽  
Abderrezzak BENHABIB ◽  
Abdelnacer BOUTELDJA
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Representative Survey ◽  
Multinomial Regression ◽  
School Factors ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Individual Housing ◽  
Multinomial Regression Model ◽  
Poverty Status ◽  
The Relationship

Using a multinomial logit measurement, we aim through this paper to quantify the relationship between poverty and education. A subjective measurement of poverty is used with non school factors in quantifying such relationship. For a better understanding of the linkage Poverty-Education, a Multinomial regression model is applied to a representative survey of 500 households in the region of Tlemcen. According to our results , variables such as: individual housing, household's head instruction's level ,expenditures on education , the gender (male), and the age are common variables whatever poverty status. As far as policy makers are concerned, education is seen as a vital player in economic and social development. Accordingly, the higher is the education level the more likely it contributes to household poverty alleviation. Our results are of great importance to Algerian policy makers as long as it shows some significant variables which should be taken in consideration in drawing policies.

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