scholarly journals Aspect forms and functions in Sorbian varieties

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Breu
Keyword(s):  
Past Tense ◽  
Verbal Aspect ◽  
Modal Verbs ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Clear Differentiation

AbstractIn this paper, we discuss different types of verbal aspect in three varieties of Sorbian, Standard Lower and Upper Sorbian and Colloquial Upper Sorbian. There are basically two formally differentiated aspect oppositions in Sorbian, the Slavic opposition of perfectivity, expressed by stem alternations (prefixation, suffixation and suppletion) and thus grammatically derivative, and the opposition of aorist and imperfect, expressed by inflection. These two types are, however, restricted in their distribution, as modern Lower Sorbian lacks the inflectional type completely, and Colloquial Upper Sorbian uses it only with auxiliaries, modal verbs and some verbs of speech. Even in Standard Upper Sorbian the independence of the two oppositions is rather relative, as only the second and third person singular have different endings for the two grammemes, whereas in all other persons formal differences between imperfect and aorist are expressed, if at all, only by stem alternations, dependent on the opposition between the imperfective and the perfective stem. Therefore, even in Standard Upper Sorbian we have a clear differentiation between perfective and imperfective only outside the synthetic past tense, e.g. in the analytic

scholarly journals Modal verbs of strong obligation in Scottish Standard English

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
OLE SCHÜTZLER ◽  
JENNY HERZKY
Keyword(s):  
General Pattern ◽  
Standard English ◽  
Multinomial Regression ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Modal Verbs ◽  
Grammatical Subject ◽  
Multinomial Regression Model ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Mode Of Production

This article investigates differences between Scottish Standard English (SSE) and Southern British Standard English (SBSE) in the semantic domain of strong obligation. Focusing on the modal verbs must, have to, need to and (have) got to, we use new corpus material from nineteen written and spoken genres in the Scottish component of the International Corpus of English (ICE-SCO) and corresponding texts from ICE-GB. Data are analysed using a mixed-effect multinomial regression model to predict the choice of verb. Language-internal factors include mode of production (written/spoken), grammatical subject (first/second/third person) and source of obligation (objective/subjective). Our results show that, as previous research suggests, SSE is much more likely to employ need to for the expression of strong obligation, and less likely to employ must and (have) got to. This general pattern remains essentially unaffected by language-internal factors. To account for our findings, we draw on the sociologically motivated process of democratisation and the language-internal process of grammaticalisation.

scholarly journals 431 - DEMENTIA IN PRIMARY CARE AND DOCTOR-PATIENT-CARER INTERACTIONS: PRELIMINARY FINDINGS

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (S1) ◽  
pp. 147-147
Author(s):  
Conceição Balsinha ◽  
Steve Iliffe ◽  
Sónia Dias ◽  
Manuel Gonçalves-Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Family Carer ◽  
Family Carers ◽  
Medical Encounter ◽  
Triadic Interactions ◽  
Patient Interactions ◽  
The Family ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Ongoing Project

INTRODUCTION: Primary care visits of persons with dementia involve different types of communication, bringing together the patient, the family carer and the general practitioner (GP). A particular challenge is the necessary involvement of a third person (the carer) in patient-doctor encounters (or the patient in carer-doctor encounters, as dementia advances). These triad dynamics should be better understood, as health outcomes are expected to result from or be mediated by them.OBJECTIVE: Our aim is to explore triadic dynamics in Portuguese primary care consultations with persons with dementia, their family carers and GPs.METHODS: This is the first part of an ongoing project (Dementia in Primary Care: the Patient, the Carer and the Doctor in the Medical Encounter - Bayer Investigation Grant | NOVAsaúde Ageing 2018). Consultations with persons with dementia, their carers and GPs (purposive sampling) are audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and thematically analysed. We report the analysis of interactions of the first six consultations, using NVIVO® software.RESULTS: The most frequent type of interaction was between GPs and carers, followed by interactions involving the whole triad. The patients who had more recent relationships with their GPs tended to participate less, irrespective of the stage of dementia. Carers were the ones most often initiating triadic interactions, and GPs the ones most often terminating them by directly addressing the patients. Doctor-carers interactions were very sparse in some consultations.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: These preliminary findings suggest that doctor-patient interactions may be limited in a number of GPs’ consultations, seemingly compromising patient-centred approaches. Nevertheless, even when GPs were involved in triadic interactions they often tried to address the patient directly. We are looking forward to complete this part of the project: to our knowledge, there is practically no evidence from live-recorded primary care consultations about these triadic dynamics.

Morehead & Ingram (1973) Revisited

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 559-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Ingram ◽  
Donald Morehead
Keyword(s):  
Language Impairment ◽  
Research Note ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Inflectional Morphology ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Typically Developing Children ◽  
Marked Contrast ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Selection Of

The finding in Morehead and Ingram (1973) that children with a language impairment do better in the use of inflectional morphology than MLU-matched typically developing children has been in marked contrast to several subsequent studies that have found the opposite relationship (cf. review in Leonard, 1998). This research note presents a reanalysis of a subset of the original Morehead and Ingram data in an attempt to reconcile these contradictory findings. The reanalysis revealed that the advantage on inflectional morphology for children with language impairment was only on the progressive suffix, not on plural and possessive or on the verbal morphemes third-person present tense and past tense. The results of the reanalysis are in line with more recent research (e.g., Rice, Wexler, & Cleave, 1995). The resolution of these discrepant results highlights the critical roles that methodological issues play—specifically, how subjects are matched on MLU, how inflectional morphology is measured, and the selection of subjects with regard to age.

scholarly journals Spanish-English Bilingual Children’s Relative Use of English Tense and Agreement Morphemes

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Potapova ◽  
Sonja L. Pruitt-Lord
Keyword(s):  
Best Practice ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
Language Assessment ◽  
Language Ability ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Bilingual Speakers ◽  
English Bilingual ◽  
Third Person

Best practice for bilingual speakers involves considering performance in each language the client uses. To support this practice for young clients, a comprehensive understanding of how bilingual children develop skills in each language is needed. To that end, the present work investigates relative use of English tense and agreement (T/A) morphemes—a skill frequently considered as part of a complete language assessment—in Spanish-English developing bilingual preschoolers with varying levels of language ability. Results indicate that developing bilingual children with both typical and weak language skills demonstrate greater use of copula and auxiliary BE relative to third person singular, past tense and auxiliary DO. Findings thus reveal a relative ranking of T/A morphemes in developing bilingual children that differs from that of English monolingual children, who demonstrate relatively later emergence and productivity of auxiliary BE. In turn, findings demonstrate the importance of utilizing appropriate comparisons in clinical practice.

scholarly journals THE FUNCTIONAL ASPECT OF THE ZERO NAME IN THE STORIES BY VLADIMIR NABOKOV

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 25-33
Author(s):  
Boris V. Kovaliov ◽  
◽  
Vadim E. Pugach ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Vladimir Nabokov ◽  
Main Character ◽  
Functional Aspect ◽  
The Third ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Proper Name ◽  
Third Person

The article is devoted to the analysis of the functions of the zero name of proper characters in V. V. Nabokov's short prose. The factors are highlighted on the basis of which an attempt can be made to classify zero names in Nabokov's texts. The first factor is the grammatical person from whom the story is told. Particular cases related to narration from the first and third person are analyzed. The second factor is who in the text is the bearer of the zero name: the main character or the minor one? The authors pay special attention to antonomazia as a way of replacing a proper name with a null name. In the course of the study, it turns out that antonomazia can be used as a means of characterizing a character, as well as a reference not to a specific image, but to a certain class. The third factor is the possible taboo of the name as a technique. In the course of the research, two types of tabooing of a proper name are distinguished: religious and sociopsychological. The second part of the article analyzes V. V. Nabokov's story «The Razor» as an example of a text, on the basis of which one can prove the assertion about the polyfunctionality of a null name. The nomination of each character is studied in detail. The authors conclude that the opposition of full and null names plays a key role in building conflict in the plot. Moreover, the opposition of different types of nominations is a technique that determines the structure of the text, its semantic and associative levels. Based on a review of a number of Nabokov's texts and a detailed analysis of «The Razor» story, eleven functions of the zero name of V. V. Nabokov's own characters are formulated.

Modal verbs in English essays written by Czech secondary-school students

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Věra Sládková
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Frequency Analysis ◽  
Secondary School Students ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
English School ◽  
School Students ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Modal Verbs ◽  
Learner Corpus ◽  
Very High

This paper presents the findings of a frequency analysis of modal verbs and their complementation in 390 English school-leaving essays written by Czech secondary-school students in a high-stakes B1 level exam. These constitute a learner corpus, CZEMATELC 2017. The study reveals a very high proportion of correct complementation patterns, but predominantly with lexical verbs at A1 and A2 CEFR levels. The most frequent errors are the complementation of modal verbs by past-tense forms of lexical verbs and the absence of complementation.

scholarly journals Diagnosis of myocardial infarction at autopsy: AECVP reappraisal in the light of the current clinical classification

2019 ◽  
Vol 476 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Michaud ◽  
◽  
Cristina Basso ◽  
Giulia d’Amati ◽  
Carla Giordano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Myocardial Injury ◽  
Coronary Occlusion ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Myocardial Infarctions ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Acute Coronary Occlusion ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Myocardial Pathology

Abstract Ischemic heart disease is one of the leading causes of morbidity and death worldwide. Consequently, myocardial infarctions are often encountered in clinical and forensic autopsies, and diagnosis can be challenging, especially in the absence of an acute coronary occlusion. Precise histopathological identification and timing of myocardial infarction in humans often remains uncertain while it can be of crucial importance, especially in a forensic setting when third person involvement or medical responsibilities are in question. A proper post-mortem diagnosis requires not only up-to-date knowledge of the ischemic coronary and myocardial pathology, but also a correct interpretation of such findings in relation to the clinical scenario of the deceased. For these reasons, it is important for pathologists to be familiar with the different clinically defined types of myocardial infarction and to discriminate myocardial infarction from other forms of myocardial injury. This article reviews present knowledge and post-mortem diagnostic methods, including post-mortem imaging, to reveal the different types of myocardial injury and the clinical-pathological correlations with currently defined types of myocardial infarction.

scholarly journals An Algorithm for Anaphora Resolution in Spanish Texts

2001 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 545-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Palomar ◽  
Antonio Ferrández ◽  
Lidia Moreno ◽  
Patricio Martínez-Barco ◽  
Jesús Peral ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Anaphora Resolution ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Partial Parsing ◽  
Test Corpus ◽  
Reflexive Pronouns ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Demonstrative Pronouns ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Competitive Algorithms

This paper presents an algorithm for identifying noun phrase antecedents of third person personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, reflexive pronouns, and omitted pronouns (zero pronouns) in unrestricted Spanish texts. We define a list of constraints and preferences for different types of pronominal expressions, and we document in detail the importance of each kind of knowledge (lexical, morphological, syntactic, and statistical) in anaphora resolution for Spanish. The paper also provides a definition for syntactic conditions on Spanish NP-pronoun noncoreference using partial parsing. The algorithm has been evaluated on a corpus of 1,677 pronouns and achieved a success rate of 76.8%. We have also implemented four competitive algorithms and tested their performance in a blind evaluation on the same test corpus. This new approach could easily be extended to other languages such as English, Portuguese, Italian, or Japanese.

“La marquise sortit à cinq heures”

PMLA ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
pp. 1644-1648
Author(s):  
Albert Chesneau
Keyword(s):  
Structural Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
First Person ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Present Tense ◽  
Nouveau Roman ◽  
The Ideal

Simple structural analysis applied to passages cited from the works of André Breton elucidates the reasons for his condemnation of the statement La marquise sortit à cinq heures (see his Manifeste du surréalisme, 1924) as non-poetic. This study demonstrates the opposition existing between the above-mentioned realist sentence, essentially non-subjective (third-person subject), non-actual (past tense predicate), contextual (context can be supposed), and prosaic (lack of imagery), and on the other hand a theoretic surrealist sentence, essentially subjective (first-person subject), actual (present tense predicate), and non-contextual, producing a shock-image. In reality, Breton's surrealistic phrase does not always contain all of these qualities at once. However, in contrast to the condemned phrase which contains none at all, it does always manifest at least one of these characteristics, the most important having reference to the evocative power of the shock-image. A final comparison with a sentence quoted from Robbe-Grillet, the theoretician of the “nouveau roman”, proves that even though it may appear objective, the surrealist phrase is really not so. In conclusion, the four characteristics of the ideal surrealist sentence—subjectivity, actuality, non-contextuality, and ability to produce shock-images—create a poetics of discontinuity opposed to the classical art of narration as found traditionally in the novel. (In French)

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