scholarly journals THE OPTIMAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE TAX BURDEN OVER THE BUSINESS CYCLE

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (06) ◽  
pp. 2298-2337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Angelopoulos ◽  
Stylianos Asimakopoulos ◽  
James Malley
Keyword(s):  
Business Cycle ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
Tax Burden ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Labor Skill ◽  
Us Economy ◽  
The Business Cycle ◽  
The Government ◽  
Optimal Taxes

This paper analyzes optimal capital and labor income taxation for households differentiated by labor skill, income, and wealth, under a balanced government budget, over the business cycle. A model incorporating capital–skill complementarity in production and differential access to labor and capital markets is developed to capture the cyclical characteristics of the US economy, as well as the empirical observations on wage (skill premium) and wealth inequality. We find that optimal taxes for middle-income households are more volatile than the remaining taxes. Moreover, the government re-allocates the total tax burden in bad times so that the share of total tax revenue paid by middle-income households rises. This share also rises for low-income households but by significantly less, whereas the tax share for skilled households falls.

Impact of COVID-19 on FDIs, Remittances and Foreign Aids: A Case Study of Nepal

2021 ◽  
pp. 097639962097420
Author(s):  
Gaurav Bhattarai ◽  
Binita Subedi
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Foreign Assistance ◽  
Foreign Direct Investments ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Low Income Country ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

The global economy has been severely paralysed, owing to the unprecedented crisis triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic, and different studies have indicated that the crisis is relatively more maleficent to the lower-income and middle-income economies. Methodologically, this study relied on the review and analysis of the grey literature, media reporting and data published by the Asian Development Bank, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), United Nations (UN), World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF) among others. The article begins by describing the impact of the pandemic on low-income and middle-income countries, and it discusses how they have responded to the crisis. While discussions have surfaced regarding whether COVID-19 will reverse the process of globalization, what will be its impact on the low-income country like Nepal? The study also highlights that with foreign direct investments speculated to shrink and foreign assistance and remittance taking a hit, how is Nepal struggling to keep its economy afloat? Analysing the new budget that the government unveiled in 2020, this study concludes with a note that instead of effectively implementing the plans and policies directed by the budget, Nepal is unnecessarily engaged in political mess and is needlessly being dragged into the geopolitical complications.

scholarly journals Role of Public Sector Bank in Financial Inclusion of Low or Middle Income Group in Chennai

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4S3) ◽  
pp. 40-44
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Behavioral Ethics ◽  
Economic Equality ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Group ◽  
The Government

The role of public sector bank, in raising the economic equality on low income or middle income group, the term financial inclusion emphasis on redistribution of income within the same household, the deprive section of society avail the benefit with some standard provided by the government and how the approach have been taken by public sector bank to distribute the same and their behavioral ethics trail over the schemes. The study focused the dominant properties which fabricate imperative on financial inclusion among various categories of customers in public sector banks and also investigated the recognition of public in stand point of financial assistance and financial features offered by public sector bank through correlation statistical analysis with the sample of 200 with Chennai arena..

scholarly journals Do US Government Tax Revenues and Expenditures Respond to Debt Levels and Economic Conditions Asymmetrically over the Business Cycle?

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Steven P Cassou ◽  
Hedieh Shadmani
Keyword(s):  
Business Cycle ◽  
Regime Switching ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Switching Regression ◽  
Us Government ◽  
The Business Cycle ◽  
The Government ◽  
Debt Levels

This paper empirically investigates whether there are asymmetries in the responses of US government tax revenue and expenditure to debt levels and economic conditions over the business cycle. State of the art regime switching regression models, including Threshold Regression and Markov Switching, are investigated. Both sides of the government budget show asymmetries, but the asymmetries for tax revenue show greater statistical significance. The results show that both tax revenue and expenditure respond to high debt levels, with the asymmetry in this response showing that fiscal authorities take weaker action in response to debt during poor economic times. In addition, the asymmetric response to economic conditions for both sides of the budget shows that stronger countercyclical policy is taken during poor economic times.

scholarly journals Peritoneal Dialysis Utilization Globally and Opportunities in Lower Income Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fredric Finkelstein ◽  
Qamar Khan
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Dramatic Improvement ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Low Resource ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
The Government ◽  
Global Increase ◽  
End Stage

There has been an expansion of peritoneal dialysis (PD) utilization globally over the past several years. This has occurred for several reasons. First, there has been a global increase in the number of patients receiving end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) treatment in high income, middle income and low income countries. Second, recent studies have emphasized the reduced cost of PD compared to hemodialysis (HD) if PD supplies can be acquired at a reasonable cost.  Thirdly, it is now widely accepted that since PD is much simpler to do than HD (that is, it does not require large amounts of water, complex water treatment systems, electricity, and machinery), the use of PD in low resource countries has certain obvious advantages. Fourthly, it has become clear from experiences in Hong Kong and Thailand that have developed PD First programs (i.e. the government paying for ESKD care only if PD eligible patients start on PD rather than HD) and programs in Mexico (where there has been limited availability of HD centers) that the vast majority of patients with ESKD, even in low resource countries, are able to successfully be cared for with PD.  And, importantly, as programs expand in low resource countries and experience is gained, outcomes of  PD improve.  Lastly, the International Society of Peritoneal Dialysis (ISPD) has developed comprehensive guidelines for the care of PD patients that has resulted in a dramatic improvement in outcomes for PD patients over the last several years.

scholarly journals The decline in volatility in the US economy. A historical perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-123
Author(s):  
María Dolores Gadea ◽  
Ana Gómez-Loscos ◽  
Gabriel Pérez-Quirós
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Business Cycle ◽  
Structural Breaks ◽  
Great Moderation ◽  
World War ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Us Economy ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Business Cycle

Abstract In this paper, we analyse the volatility of US GDP growth using quarterly series starting in 1875. We find structural breaks in volatility at the end of World War II and at the beginning of the Great Moderation period. We show that the Great Moderation volatility reduction is only linked to changes in expansions, whereas that after World War II is due to changes in both expansions and recessions. We also propose several methodologies to date the US business cycle in this long period. We find that taking volatility into account improves the characterization of the business cycle.

Wealth inequality and inter-governorate migration: Evidence from Egypt

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-139
Author(s):  
Mohamed Arouri ◽  
Nguyen Viet Cuong
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Internal Migration ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
Gravity Models ◽  
Household Asset ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
Push Factor

Migration is one of the key livelihood strategies for households, especially those in low-income and middle-income regions. In this study, we investigate whether the economic level and inequality of wealth can affect inter-governorate migration in Egypt. Using gravity models and data from Population and Housing Censuses of Egypt, we are able to measure the push as well as pull effects of economic and wealth inequality levels on internal migration flows. Although there are a large number of studies on the effect of economic levels on migration, there is little if anything known about the effect of wealth inequality between the origin and destination areas on migration. We measure wealth levels using the household asset index. We find that people tend to move to governorates with high wealth levels as well as high wealth inequality. There is a positive association between wealth inequality and economic growth in Egypt. Governorates with high wealth inequality tend to experience high economic growth and therefore attract more migrants. This study’s findings also suggest that unlike non-work migration, the low wealth level in origin governorates is a push factor for work migration.

scholarly journals The Optimal Distribution of the Tax Burden over the Business Cycle

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Angelopoulos ◽  
Stylianos Asimakopoulos ◽  
Jim Malley
Keyword(s):  
Business Cycle ◽  
Tax Burden ◽  
Optimal Distribution ◽  
The Business Cycle

scholarly journals Strategi UMKM untuk Meningkatkan Perekonomian selama Pandemi Covid-19 pada saat New Normal

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-62
Author(s):  
Safira Aliyani Firdaus ◽  
Igo Fadilah Ilham ◽  
Liza Putri Aqidah ◽  
Safir Aliyani Firdaus ◽  
Setyani Agung Dwi Astuti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Business Cycle ◽  
New Normal ◽  
The Business Cycle ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

This study aims to determine and analyze the appropriate strategies to improve the economy of MSMEs when new normal is applied due to the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic.. The results obtained from this study indicated that there was a need for fast, precise and tangible steps from the government and business actors to overcome the losses that have occurred due to the pandemic and to make updates and evaluations of the business cycle following the current conditions so that businesses can continue to survive and develop.

Ethiopia’s homegrown economic reforms face challenges

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Reform ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Income Country ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Reform Agenda ◽  
Low Income Country ◽  
Debt Burden ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Government

Subject Outlook for Ethiopia's economic reform agenda. Significance The government has launched a “Homegrown Economic Reform” agenda, which aims to transform Ethiopia from a largely agrarian low-income country to an industrialised lower-middle-income country by 2030. This will require the private sector to take charge of growth amid waning public sector financing capacity. However, significant economic liberalisation within this timeframe is unrealistic given the entrenched nature of the old command economy. Impacts Ethiopia has overtaken Angola as Sub-Saharan Africa’s third-largest economy but slowing growth could threaten this new status. The large external debt burden and high import content of the new agenda will curb plans to liberalise the exchange rate. Ethio Telecom and Ethiopian Airlines will be the crown jewels among proposed privatisation offerings.

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