Increased processing speed in young adult bilinguals: evidence from source memory judgments

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANGELA GRANT ◽  
NANCY DENNIS
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Item Memory ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Speed Advantage ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Previous Encounter

Although many studies have investigated the consequences of bilingualism on cognitive control, few have examined the impact of bilingualism on other cognitive domains, such as memory. Of these studies, most have focused on item memory and none have examined the role of bilingualism in source memory (i.e., the memory for contextual details from a previous encounter with a stimulus). In our study, young adult bilinguals and monolinguals completed a source memory test, whose different conditions were designed to stress working memory and inhibitory control. Bilinguals performed significantly faster than monolinguals across all conditions without compromising accuracy, and also showed an overall speed advantage on the Flanker task. We interpret these processing speed advantages within the context of current models of bilingual production.

scholarly journals Plant Foods Rich in Antioxidants and Human Cognition: A Systematic Review

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 714
Author(s):  
Luciana Baroni ◽  
Anna Rita Sarni ◽  
Cristina Zuliani
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Cognitive Assessments ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Plant Foods ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
System Integrity ◽  
Plant Antioxidants ◽  
The Impact

Oxidative stress can compromise central nervous system integrity, thereby affecting cognitive ability. Consumption of plant foods rich in antioxidants could thereby protect cognition. We systematically reviewed the literature exploring the effects of antioxidant-rich plant foods on cognition. Thirty-one studies were included: 21 intervention, 4 cross-sectional (one with a cohort in prospective observation as well), and 6 prospective studies. Subjects belonged to various age classes (young, adult, and elderly). Some subjects examined were healthy, some had mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and some others were demented. Despite the different plant foods and the cognitive assessments used, the results can be summarized as follows: 7 studies reported a significant improvement in all cognitive domains examined; 19 found significant improvements only in some cognitive areas, or only for some food subsets; and 5 showed no significant improvement or no effectiveness. The impact of dietary plant antioxidants on cognition appears promising: most of the examined studies showed associations with significant beneficial effects on cognitive functions—in some cases global or only in some specific domains. There was typically an acute, preventive, or therapeutic effect in young, adult, and elderly people, whether they were healthy, demented, or affected by MCI. Their effects, however, are not attributable only to anti-oxidation.

scholarly journals The Role of Social Networks as a Tool for an Effective Recruitment Process in the Enterprises in Kosovo

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 384-388
Author(s):  
Blerim Dragusha ◽  
Vlora Prenaj
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
Recruitment Process ◽  
Quality Of Information ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Main Factor

This paper focuses on the determinants of the impact of social networks on the recruitment process in Kosovar enterprises, concluding that the main factor of that impact is the quality of information, cost benefits, and timeliness. Another factor of particular importance is the competitive advantages social networks provide with respect to efficiently attracting suitable candidates to recruit through their unified data processing speed. The managers interviewed in this study provided evidence that recruitment using social networks is faster than with traditional methods. Social networks enable firms to quickly and easily access applicants from all over the world easily at a low cost. Social networks provide in-depth discussions to understand the views and opinions of both parties in the recruitment process. The information provided by social networks on the personal and professional life of the potential job candidate makes social networks an important tool for recruitment

scholarly journals 0121 Effect of Total Sleep Deprivation on Word Recognition of Previously Studied Words with Different Emotional Valence

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A48-A48
Author(s):  
A N Hudson ◽  
P Whitney ◽  
J M Hinson ◽  
D A Hansen ◽  
H Van Dongen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Item Memory ◽  
Study Phase ◽  
Total Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Recovery Sleep ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Negative Stimuli

Abstract Introduction Stimuli with an emotional valence tend to produce better recognition from memory than neutral stimuli. Sleep loss is believed to increase reactivity to negative stimuli, as compared to positive stimuli, which may comparatively enhance subsequent recognition from memory for negative stimuli. We investigated the impact of total sleep deprivation (TSD) on recognition accuracy for words with different emotional valence using the Affective Item Source Memory Task (AISM). Methods N=14 adults (ages 21–39; 7 females) completed a 4-day in-laboratory study with 9h baseline sleep (22:00-07:00), 39h acute TSD, and 9h recovery sleep. The AISM was administered at 16:30 during baseline and after 34h TSD. During a 5min study phase, participants heard a list, twice, of 20 positive, 20 negative, and 20 neutral words spoken with a male or female voice. During an immediately subsequent 8min recognition phase, participants heard 120 words (50% new) and judged whether each word had been presented in the study list (item memory). For words judged to have been presented previously, participants indicated whether those were presented by a female or male speaker (source memory). Results Mixed-effects ANOVA showed effects of session (p<0.001) and valence (p<0.001) on item memory. At baseline, accuracy was greatest for neutral and positive words compared to negative words. During TSD, accuracy declined for all three valences, and no interaction of session by valence was detected. No effects of TSD or valence on source memory were observed. Conclusion Sleep deprivation reduced item memory for words of all valence types. However, there was no comparatively greater impact on item or source memory for negative words nor any differential effect of TSD for different valences. Whether our results would hold with longer time intervals between task phases or an intervening sleep period remains to be determined. Support Jazz Pharmaceuticals

scholarly journals The arrow of time: Advancing insights into action control from the arrow version of the Eriksen flanker task

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Richard Ridderinkhof ◽  
Scott A. Wylie ◽  
Wery P. M. van den Wildenberg ◽  
Theodore R. Bashore ◽  
Maurits W. van der Molen
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Action Control ◽  
Neural Models ◽  
Simple Task ◽  
Sports Science ◽  
History Of ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Since its introduction by B. A. Eriksen and C. W. Eriksen (Perception & Psychophysics, 16, 143–49, 1974), the flanker task has emerged as one of the most important experimental tasks in the history of cognitive psychology. The impact of a seemingly simple task design involving a target stimulus flanked on each side by a few task-irrelevant stimuli is astounding. It has inspired research across the fields of cognitive neuroscience, psychophysiology, neurology, psychiatry, and sports science. In our tribute to Charles W. (“Erik”) Eriksen, we (1) review the seminal papers originating from his lab in the 1970s that launched the paradigmatic task and laid the foundation for studies of action control, (2) describe the inception of the arrow version of the Eriksen flanker task, (3) articulate the conceptual and neural models of action control that emerged from studies of the arrows flanker task, and (4) illustrate the influential role of the arrows flanker task in disclosing developmental trends in action control, fundamental deficits in action control due to neuropsychiatric disorders, and enhanced action control among elite athletes.

Cerebral Microbleeds and Cognitive Function in Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack Patients

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 130-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaolu Wang ◽  
Adrian Wong ◽  
Wenyan Liu ◽  
Jie Yang ◽  
Winnie C.W. Chu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Transient Ischemic Attack ◽  
Cerebral Microbleeds ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Deep Region ◽  
Ischemic Attack ◽  
The Impact

Background: We explored the association between cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) and cognitive impairment in patients with ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA). Methods: A total of 488 ischemic stroke/TIA patients received magnetic resonance imaging. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was used to evaluate global cognitive function and cognitive domains. The association of CMB quantity with cognitive function and the impact of CMB locations (strictly lobar, strictly deep, and mixed regions) on cognitive impairment were examined in regression models with adjustments for confounders. Results: A total of 113 subjects (23.2%) had ≥1 CMB. Strictly lobar, strictly deep, and mixed CMBs were identified in 36, 40, and 37 patients, respectively. The presence of ≥5 CMBs or strictly deep CMBs was associated with the MoCA total score (p = 0.007 and 0.020, respectively). Of all MoCA domains tested, a lower score in the attention domain was related to the presence of ≥5 CMBs (p = 0.014) and strictly deep CMBs (p = 0.028). Conclusion: CMBs were associated with cognitive dysfunction in stroke/TIA patients, especially in the attention domain. This association was mainly driven by CMBs in the deep region, underlining the role of hypertensive microangiopathy in stroke-related cognitive impairment.

scholarly journals Processing speed is affected by early impairment in kidney function in the general elder population

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomas Månsson ◽  
Sölve Elmståhl
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Function ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Neuropsychological Test ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Elder Population

Abstract Background Chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, and cognitive dysfunction are common in the elder population. There is evidence of a connection between these conditions, possibly by a shared vascular pathogenesis. Processing speed is commonly impaired in cerebrovascular disease. Methods The data was obtained from the population based study “Good aging in Skåne” (GÅS), and included 905 individuals (mean age = 68 years). We investigated the impact of impaired kidney function at baseline on the development of dementia, MCI, and impairment in specific cognitive domains at follow up 6 years later, using logistic regression models. Impaired kidney function was defined as GFR < 60 ml/min/1,73 m2. GFR was estimated from creatinine and cystatin C, using the CKD-EPI formula. Function in the cognitive domains learning and memory, language, complex attention, executive function, perceptual-motor, as well as meta-memory, and global cognitive function, was assessed using a neuropsychological test battery consisting of 12 tests. We compared the test results from follow up, with the results obtained at baseline, using linear regression models in order to assess changes in performance in cognitive domains. Results At follow up, 14 and 158 participants had developed dementia and MCI, respectively. We did not find evidence that moderately impaired eGFR at baseline increased the odds of dementia or MCI. A decline in processing speed was associated with impaired kidney function. Conclusions The effect on processing speed could represent early vascular implications on cognition. Even at moderately impaired kidney function, overview of cardiovascular risk factors could potentially prevent further cognitive impairment.

Fast and Fragile

2009 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 434-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Deutsch ◽  
Robert Kordts-Freudinger ◽  
Bertram Gawronski ◽  
Fritz Strack
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Resource Dependency ◽  
Affective Priming ◽  
Digit Number ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Memory Resources ◽  
The Impact

Numerous studies suggest that processing verbal materials containing negations slows down cognition and makes it more error-prone. This suggests that processing negations affords relatively nonautomatic processes. The present research studied the role of two automaticity features (processing speed and resource dependency) for negation processing. In three experiments, we tested the impact of verbal negations on affective priming effects in the Affect Misattribution Paradigm. Going beyond previous work, the results indicate that negations can be processed unintentionally and quickly (Experiments 1 and 2). In Experiment 3, negations failed to qualify affective priming effects when participants’ working memory was taxed by memorizing an eight-digit number. In sum, the experiments suggest that negations can be processed unintentionally, very quickly, but that they rely on working-memory resources.

scholarly journals Relationship Between Item and Source Memory: Explanation of Connection-Strength Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junjun Guo ◽  
Keith Shubeck ◽  
Xiangen Hu
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Item Memory ◽  
Strength Model ◽  
Connection Strength ◽  
Unified Framework ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Relationship

The controversy in the relationship between item memory and source memory is a focus of episodic memory. Some studies show the trade-off between item memory and source memory, some show the consistency between them, and others show the independence between them. This review attempts to point out the connection-strength model, implying the different types and strengths of the important role of the item–source connections in the relationship between item memory and source memory, which is based on the same essence in the unified framework. The logic of the model is that when item memory and source memory share the same or relevant connection between item and source, they positively connect, or they are independently or negatively connected. This review integrates empirical evidence from the domains of cognition, cognitive neuroscience, and mathematical modeling to validate our hypothesis.

Positive Arousal Enhances the Consolidation of Item Memory

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Wang
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Emotional Arousal ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Memory Test ◽  
Learning Phase ◽  
Item Memory ◽  
Memory Tests ◽  
Immediate Memory

Emotional arousal induced after learning has been shown to modulate memory consolidation. However, it is unclear whether the effect of postlearning arousal can extend to different aspects of memory. This study examined the effect of postlearning positive arousal on both item memory and source memory. Participants learned a list of neutral words and took an immediate memory test. Then they watched a positive or a neutral videoclip and took delayed memory tests after either 25 minutes or 1 week had elapsed after the learning phase. In both delay conditions, positive arousal enhanced consolidation of item memory as measured by overall recognition. Furthermore, positive arousal enhanced consolidation of familiarity but not recollection. However, positive arousal appeared to have no effect on consolidation of source memory. These findings have implications for building theoretical models of the effect of emotional arousal on consolidation of episodic memory and for applying postlearning emotional arousal as a technique of memory intervention.

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