scholarly journals Assessing bilingual language switching behavior with Ecological Momentary Assessment

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jussi Jylkkä ◽  
Anna Soveri ◽  
Matti Laine ◽  
Minna Lehtonen
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Momentary Assessment ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Switching Behavior ◽  
Switching Frequency ◽  
Language Switching ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Tentative Evidence ◽  
Ecological Momentary ◽  
Momentary Assessment

AbstractThe putative bilingual executive advantage has been argued to stem from lifelong experience with executively demanding language behaviors, such as switching between the two languages. However, studies testing for possible associations between language switching frequency and EF in bilinguals have yielded inconsistent results. One reason for this could lie in the methods used that have evaluated the frequency and type of language switches with retrospective self-reports, as well as in problems in reliability and convergent validity of the executive tasks. By using Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) as a reference point for self-reports of language switches, we examined the validity of general retrospective self-reports of language switching. Additionally, we examined associations between language switching and EF using multilevel models. Our results indicated that the commonly used retrospective self-reports of language switching may lack convergent validity. However, we found tentative evidence that contextual language switches, assessed with EMA, may be associated with better inhibitory control, set shifting, and working memory.

scholarly journals Does language switching behavior rely on general executive functions?

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Jussi Jylkkä ◽  
Matti Laine ◽  
Minna Lehtonen
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Ecological Momentary Assessment ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Switching Behavior ◽  
Switching Frequency ◽  
Language Switching ◽  
Everyday Language ◽  
Switching Performance ◽  
Ecological Momentary ◽  
Momentary Assessment

Abstract The assumption that everyday language switching trains bilinguals’ executive functions (EF) presupposes that language switching engages domain-general EF. This study examined associations between three types of tasks in a group of Finnish-English late bilinguals: everyday language switching frequency assessed with Ecological Momentary Assessment, language switching performance on a cued bilingual naming task, and EF as measured with Simon, Flanker, and Number-letter tasks. Cued switching performance showed mainly positive associations with EF performance, but the associations between everyday language switching and cued switching performance, and between everyday switching and the EF tasks were largely against our hypotheses. The findings indicate that participants with lower monitoring capacity make more everyday language switches. This speaks against the idea that everyday language switching would facilitate executive functioning. The results suggest that associations between language switching and general EF are more complex than current models assume.

scholarly journals Does language switching behavior rely on general executive functions?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jussi Jylkkä ◽  
Matti Laine ◽  
Minna Lehtonen
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Ecological Momentary Assessment ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Switching Behavior ◽  
Switching Frequency ◽  
Language Switching ◽  
Everyday Language ◽  
Switching Performance ◽  
Ecological Momentary ◽  
Momentary Assessment

The assumption that everyday language switching trains bilinguals’ executive functions (EF) presupposes that language switching engages domain-general EF. This study examined associations between three types of tasks in a group of Finnish-English late bilinguals: everyday language switching frequency assessed with Ecological Momentary Assessment, language switching performance on a cued bilingual naming task, and EF as measured with Simon, Flanker, and Number-letter tasks. Cued switching performance showed mainly positive associations with EF performance, but the associations between everyday language switching and cued switching performance, and between everyday switching and the EF tasks were largely against our hypotheses. The findings indicate that participants with lower monitoring capacity make more everyday language switches. This speaks against the idea that everyday language switching would facilitate executive functioning. The results suggest that associations between language switching and general EF are more complex than current models assume.

scholarly journals Concordance and predictors of concordance of children’s dietary intake as reported via ecological momentary assessment and 24 h recall

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 1019-1027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sydney G O’Connor ◽  
Wangjing Ke ◽  
Eldin Dzubur ◽  
Susan Schembre ◽  
Genevieve F Dunton
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Ecological Momentary Assessment ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Energy Drinks ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Food Category ◽  
Ecological Momentary ◽  
Momentary Assessment

AbstractObjectiveTo provide preliminary evidence in support of using ecological momentary assessment (EMA), a real-time data capture method involving repeated assessments, to measure dietary intake in children by examining the concordance of children’s dietary reports through EMA and 24 h recall.DesignChildren completed eight days of EMA surveys, reporting on recent dietary intake of four pre-specified food categories (‘Fruits or Vegetables’, ‘Chips or Fries’, ‘Pastries or Sweets’, ‘Soda or Energy Drinks’), and completed two 24 h recalls during the same period. Concordance of children’s reports of intake during matched two-hour time windows from EMA and 24 h dietary recall was assessed using cross-tabulation. Multilevel logistic regression examined potential person-level (i.e. sex, age, ethnicity and BMI category) predictors of concordance.SettingChildren in Los Angeles County, USA, enrolled in the Mothers’ and Their Children’s Health (MATCH) study.SubjectsOne hundred and forty-four 144 children (53 % female; mean age 9·6 (sd 0·9) years; 34·0 % overweight/obese).ResultsTwo-hour concordance varied by food category, ranging from 64·9 % for ‘Fruits/Vegetables’ to 89·9 % for ‘Soda/Energy Drinks’. In multilevel models, overweight/obese (v. lean) was associated with greater odds (OR; 95 % CI) of concordant reporting for ‘Soda/Energy Drinks’ (2·01; 1·06, 4·04) and ‘Pastries/Sweets’ (1·61; 1·03, 2·52). Odds of concordant reporting were higher for Hispanic (v. non-Hispanic) children for ‘Pastries/Sweets’ (1·55; 1·02, 2·36) and for girls (v. boys) for ‘Fruits/Vegetables’ (1·36; 1·01, 1·83).ConclusionsConcordance differed by food category as well as by person-level characteristics. Future research should continue to explore use of EMA to facilitate dietary assessment in children.

Physical Activity and Variation in Momentary Behavioral Cognitions: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 344-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trevor A. Pickering ◽  
Jimi Huh ◽  
Stephen Intille ◽  
Yue Liao ◽  
Mary Ann Pentz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Ecological Momentary Assessment ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Vigorous Physical Activity ◽  
Outcome Expectancy ◽  
Efficacy Outcome ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Ecological Momentary ◽  
Momentary Assessment

Background:Decisions to perform moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) involve behavioral cognitive processes that may differ within individuals depending on the situation.Methods:Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) was used to examine the relationships of momentary behavioral cognitions (ie, self-efficacy, outcome expectancy, intentions) with MVPA (measured by accelerometer). A sample of 116 adults (mean age, 40.3 years; 72.4% female) provided real-time EMA responses via mobile phones across 4 days. Multilevel models were used to test whether momentary behavioral cognitions differed across contexts and were associated with subsequent MVPA. Mixed-effects location scale models were used to examine whether subject-level means and within-subjects variances in behavioral cognitions were associated with average daily MVPA.Results:Momentary behavioral cognitions differed across contexts for self-efficacy (P = .007) but not for outcome expectancy (P = .53) or intentions (P = .16). Momentary self-efficacy, intentions, and their interaction predicted MVPA within the subsequent 2 hours (Ps < .01). Average daily MVPA was positively associated with within-subjects variance in momentary self-efficacy and intentions for physical activity (Ps < .05).Conclusions:Although momentary behavioral cognitions are related to subsequent MVPA, adults with higher average MVPA have more variation in physical activity self-efficacy and intentions. Performing MVPA may depend more on how much behavioral cognitions vary across the day than whether they are generally high or low.

scholarly journals Assessing young adults’ ENDS use via Ecological Momentary Assessment and a Smart Bluetooth enabled ENDS device

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zehan Li ◽  
Carson Benowitz-Fredericks ◽  
Pamela M Ling ◽  
Joanna E Cohen ◽  
Johannes Thrul
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Ecological Momentary Assessment ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Smart Device ◽  
Liquid Volume ◽  
Daily Diaries ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Ecological Momentary ◽  
Momentary Assessment

Abstract Introduction The assessment of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) use poses unique challenges that go beyond established assessment methods for tobacco cigarettes. Recent studies have proposed using Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA), a method to collect self-reported data on mobile devices, or data passively collected by “smart” Bluetooth enabled ENDS to assess use. The current study sought to compare ENDS use data using EMA and puff counts collected from a smart device. Methods We recruited 18 young adult ENDS users (age M=23.33; 44.4% female) from the San Francisco Bay Area. For a total of 30 days, participants completed daily diaries by EMA and used a second-generation smart Bluetooth enabled ENDS that collected puff data. Repeated measures correlations, multilevel regressions, and paired T-tests assessed concordance of EMA reports and ENDS data. A subset of 4 highly compliant participants were selected for sensitivity analyses. Results Among all 18 participants, completion of EMA daily diaries was high (77.4%). The ENDS device collected approximately twice as many puffs per day as participants reported. Compared to self-reported number of sessions and amount of e-liquid used, self-reported puff counts had the highest correlation with device collected puff counts (rrm = 0.49; p &lt; .001). Correlations between self-reported and device collected puff counts improved among the subset of 4 highly compliant participants (rrm = 0.59; p &lt; .001). Conclusion Self-reports potentially underestimate use of ENDS. Puff counts appear to be the best self-reported measure to assess ENDS use compared to number of sessions or liquid volume. Implications The comparison of EMA self-reports and passively collected ENDS device data can inform future efforts to assess ENDS use. Self-reported puff counts are preferable over number of sessions or amount of liquid used, but compared to objective usage data, self-reported puff counts may still underestimate actual use. ENDS use behavior is likely higher than users estimate and report. Future research on improved measures of ENDS use is needed.

Using ecological momentary assessment to enhance irritability phenotyping in a transdiagnostic sample of youth

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 1734-1746
Author(s):  
Reut Naim ◽  
Ashley Smith ◽  
Amanda Chue ◽  
Hannah Grassie ◽  
Julia Linke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Momentary Assessment ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Developmental Psychopathology ◽  
Frustrative Nonreward ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Measurement Tools ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Ecological Momentary ◽  
Momentary Assessment ◽  
Research Domain

AbstractIrritability is a transdiagnostic symptom dimension in developmental psychopathology, closely related to the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) construct of frustrative nonreward. Consistent with the RDoC framework and calls for transdiagnostic, developmentally-sensitive assessment methods, we report data from a smartphone-based, naturalistic ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study of irritability. We assessed 109 children and adolescents (Mage = 12.55 years; 75.20% male) encompassing several diagnostic groups – disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety disorders (ANX), healthy volunteers (HV). The participants rated symptoms three times per day for 1 week. Compliance with the EMA protocol was high. As tested using multilevel modeling, EMA ratings of irritability were strongly and consistently associated with in-clinic, gold-standard measures of irritability. Further, EMA ratings of irritability were significantly related to subjective frustration during a laboratory task eliciting frustrative nonreward. Irritability levels exhibited an expected graduated pattern across diagnostic groups, and the different EMA items measuring irritability were significantly associated with one another within all groups, supporting the transdiagnostic phenomenology of irritability. Additional analyses utilized EMA ratings of anxiety as a comparison with respect to convergent validity and transdiagnostic phenomenology. The results support new measurement tools that can be used in future studies of irritability and frustrative nonreward.

scholarly journals Defining Habit in Psychology

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asaf Mazar ◽  
Wendy Wood
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Momentary Assessment ◽  
Assessment Methods ◽  
Context Dependence ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Habitual Behavior ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Ecological Momentary ◽  
Momentary Assessment

We review definitions of habit and evaluate how well current measures capture these definitions. Habits are context-behavior associations in memory that develop as people repeatedly experience rewards for a given action in a given context. Habitual behavior is cued directly by context and does not require supporting goals and conscious intentions. As we explain, goals are important to initiate behavior repetition and to inhibit unwanted habit performance, and in addition can be inferred from habits. To date, research has relied on self-report methods to measure habit. These measures, by themselves, may fall short of adequately testing key features of habit, such as context dependence, or dissociating habitual and non-habitual influences on behavior. By augmenting self-reports with implicit, behavioral, and ecological momentary assessment methods, researchers can gain a more complete understanding of habits and their role in shaping behavior.

scholarly journals Worry and Positive Episodes in the Daily Lives of Individuals With Generalized Anxiety Disorder: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreea Vîslă ◽  
Richard Zinbarg ◽  
Peter Hilpert ◽  
Mathias Allemand ◽  
Christoph Flückiger
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Ecological Momentary Assessment ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Central Feature ◽  
Positive Experiences ◽  
Ecological Momentary ◽  
Momentary Assessment ◽  
A Current

Worry is a central feature of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Although worry is related to anxiety and maintained by beliefs that worry is uncontrollable, there is scarce research on how individuals with GAD react to worry episodes in their daily life and how their positive experiences might impact reactions to worry episodes. The current study examined the level and variability of anxiety and controllability during high worry periods and positive experiences in GAD. Moreover, it investigated the influence of worry and positive experiences on later anxiety and perceived controllability within-persons. Finally, it examined change in anxiety level from previous to current episodes depending on previous episodes type. In the current study, 49 individuals with GAD (514 observations) registered their worry and positive episodes (i.e., episodes in which they had positive experiences) and reported on several variables during these episodes (i.e., anxiety and controllability of episodes and episode duration) using smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment for 7days. Results show anxiety and controllability differed by episode type (higher anxiety, lower controllability in worry episodes, and the opposite in positive episodes), and notable within-person variability in anxiety and controllability in both episode types. The time-lagged multilevel models showed episode type did not predict later anxiety during either episode type, although previous anxiety predicted current anxiety in worry episodes (but not positive episodes). Moreover, worry episodes did predict later controllability in worry episodes (but not positive episodes) and previous controllability predicted current controllability in both episode types. Furthermore, we obtained the increase in anxiety from t0−1 to t0 in a current worry episode to be significantly smaller when preceded by a worry (vs. positive) episode. Likewise, the reduction in anxiety from t0−1 to t0 in a current positive episode was significantly larger when preceded by a worry (vs. positive) episode. The novel findings in the current study that perceptions of controllability and anxiety vary within individuals with GAD, that greater controllability is experienced in positive episodes than worry episodes, and that worry may confer a sense of controllability at a later time could be seen as important contributions to the GAD literature.

Ecological Momentary Assessment of Depressive Symptoms Using the mind.me Application: A Validation Study (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger S McIntyre ◽  
Carola Rong ◽  
Joshua D Rosenblat ◽  
Elisa Brietzke ◽  
Zihang Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Ecological Momentary Assessment ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Predictive Accuracy ◽  
Network Activity ◽  
Assay Sensitivity ◽  
Mobile Phone Technology ◽  
Phone Calls ◽  
Ecological Momentary ◽  
Momentary Assessment

BACKGROUND Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) for mental disorders has been insufficiently evaluated and validated with rigorous, adequately-powered, high-quality studies. OBJECTIVE Herein, we sought to validate the mind.me application (app) for the assessment of depressive symptoms in adults. METHODS Adults (ages 18-65) who self-identified as having clinically significant depressive symptoms [i.e. Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) ≥ 5] utilized the mind.me app—a mobile phone technology that collects data passively and continuously, and is capable of integrating broad multimodal data [e.g., location variance (e.g. GPS), behavioural (e.g. social network activity), and communication data (e.g. SMS texting, phone calls)]. The primary outcome was predictive accuracy (i.e. convergent validity with depressive symptom measurement, as captured by the PHQ-9). RESULTS 200 subjects were enrolled in the study (mean age 46 ±12.71). The average PHQ-9 score was 12.8 ±6.9. The predictive accuracy of the mind.me app was 0.91 ±0.06. The sensitivity was 0.98 and the specificity was 0.93. The mind.me app was rated by 200 users as highly usable and informative to their illness. CONCLUSIONS The mind.me app exhibits robust predictive accuracy in detecting depressive symptoms in adults with clinically relevant depressive symptoms. The mind.me app is one of the first rigorously validated EMA tools for adults capable of detecting depressive symptoms. Future vistas aim to evaluate mind.me’s capability of impacting healthcare and cost outcomes in individuals with mood disorders. The mind.me app provides a unique opportunity for enhanced assay sensitivity in mood disorder research.

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