scholarly journals Evaluation of iodine nutritional status during pregnancy by estimated 24-hour urinary iodine excretion: population variation range and individual accuracy

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Ye Bu ◽  
Yan Cai ◽  
Chunlei Ji ◽  
Chunyan Zhao ◽  
Chunyuan Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Reference Interval ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Excessive Iodine ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Objective: To explore the accuracy of estimated 24-hour urinary iodine excretion(24hUIEest) in assessing iodine nutritional status. Design: Fasting venous blood, 24-hour and spot urine samples were collected during the day. The urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and urinary creatinine concentration (UCrC) were measured, and the urinary iodine-to-creatinine ratio (UI/Cr), 24hUIEest, and 24-hour urinary iodine excretion(24hUIE) were calculated. At the population level, correlation and consistency between UIC, UI/Cr, 24hUIEest and 24hUIE were assessed using correlation analysis and Bland-Altman plots. At the individual level, ROC curves were used to analyse the accuracy of the above indicators for evaluating insufficient and excessive iodine intake. The reference interval of 24hUIEest was established based on percentile values. Setting: Indicator can accurately evaluate individual iodine nutrition during pregnancy remains controversial. Participants: Pregnant women (n=788). Results: Using 24hUIE as standard, the correlation coefficients of 24hUIEest from different periods of the day ranged from 0.409 to 0.531, and the relative average differences ranged from 4.4% to 10.9%. For diagnosis of insufficient iodine intake, the area under the ROC curve of 24hUIEest was 0.754, sensitivity and specificity were 79.6% and 65.4%, respectively. For diagnosis of excessive iodine intake, the area of 24hUIEest was 0.771, sensitivity and specificity were 66.7% and 82.0%, respectively. The reference interval of 24hUIEest was 58.43-597.65μg. Conclusions: 24hUIEest can better indicate iodine nutritional status at a relatively large sample size in a given population of pregnant women. It can be used for early screening at the individual level to obtain more lead time for pregnant women.

scholarly journals Chronic iodine excess does not increase the incidence of hyperthyroidism: a prospective community-based epidemiological survey in China

2007 ◽  
Vol 156 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan Yang ◽  
Zhongyan Shan ◽  
Xiaochun Teng ◽  
Yushu Li ◽  
Haixia Guan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Thyroid Peroxidase ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Iodine Excess ◽  
Iodine Supplementation ◽  
Excessive Iodine ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
Excessive Iodine Intake

Objective: An increasing incidence of hyperthyroidism has been observed when iodine supplementation has been introduced to an iodine-deficient population. Moreover, the influence of chronic more than adequate or excessive iodine intake on the epidemiological features of hyperthyroidism has not been widely and thoroughly described. To investigate the influences of different iodine intake levels on the incidence of hyperthyroidism, we conducted a prospective community-based survey in three communities with mild-deficient, more than adequate (previously mild deficient iodine intake), and excessive iodine intake. Subjects and methods: In three rural Chinese communities, a total of 3761 unselected inhabitants aged above 13 years participated in the original investigation and 3018 of them received identical examinations after 5 years. Thyroid function, levels of thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), thyroglobulin antibody and urinary iodine excretion were measured and thyroid ultrasound examination was also performed. Results: In three communities, median urinary iodine excretion was 88, 214, and 634 μg/l (P<0.05) respectively. The cumulative incidence of hyperthyroidism was 1.4, 0.9, and 0.8% (P>0.05) respectively. Autoimmune hyperthyroidism was predominant in thyroid hyperfunction in all the three cohorts. Either positive TPOAb (>50 U/ml) or goiter in original healthy participants was associated with the occurrence of unsuspected hyperthyroidism in 5 years (logistic regression, OR=4.2 (95% CI 1.7–8.8) for positive TPOAb, OR=3.1 (95% CI 1.4–6.8) for goiter). Conclusion: Iodine supplementation may not induce an increase in hyperthyroidism in a previously mildly iodine-deficient population. Chronic iodine excess does not apparently increase the risk of autoimmune hyperthyroidism, suggesting that excessive iodine intake may not be an environmental factor involved in the occurrence of autoimmune hyperthyroidism.

scholarly journals Determination of Urinary Iodine Excretion to Assess Iodine Deficiency Disorder among Pregnant Women in District Hospital of Sindhupalchowk, Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-123
Author(s):  
Vivek Kumar Singh ◽  
Anand Ballabh Joshi ◽  
Chitra Kumar Gurung ◽  
Megha Raj Banjara
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Clinical Status ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Iodine Deficiency Disorder ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
The Status ◽  
Iodine Excretion

 Pregnant women and infants are risk populations of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD). Therefore, this study was designed to explore the status of IDD among pregnant women through the analysis of urinary iodine excretion (UIE). A total of 94 pregnant women from Chautara Hospital Sindhupalchowk were included to analyze UIE through Sandell-Kolthoff Reaction. Although the general clinical status of women was satisfactory, the urinary iodine excretion revealed that still, 18.0 percent of pregnant women in Sindhupalchowk had insufficient iodine intake. This indicates that pregnant women are still at risk of iodine deficiency disorder, and they should be in the priority population for the IDD prevention program.

scholarly journals Iodine nutrition in pregnancy and lactation in Iran

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (12A) ◽  
pp. 1596-1599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fereidoun Azizi
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation

AbstractObjective: To describe studies evaluating urinary iodine excretion during pregnancy and lactation in women living in cities with adequate or more than adequate iodine intake.Design: Cross-sectional study conducted between 1996 and 1998 in pregnant women and a study of lactating women conducted in 2003.Settings and Subjects: Pregnant women attending prenatal clinics in four cities in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Urinary iodine excretion and thyroid volume was measured in 403 women. In a second study, 100 lactating women from Taleghani Hospital in Gorgan, Iran were evaluated for thyroid size, and both urinary and breast milk iodine concentrations were determined.Results: In Rasht city, 84% of pregnant women had a urinary iodine concentration of ≥ 200 μg l-1, while in the other cities this percentage ranged from 45 to 55%. When data were combined for the cities of Ilam, Isfahan and Tehran, where women have an adequate or more than adequate median urinary iodine concentration, 51% of pregnant women had a urinary iodine concentration less than that recommended during pregnancy. In Rasht, where the median urinary iodine concentration indicates an excessive iodine intake, 15.4% of pregnant women had a urinary iodine concentration < 200 μg l-1. The mean urinary iodine concentration in lactating women was 250 μg l-1, and 16% of women had a urinary iodine concentration < 100 μg l-1. Grade 1 goitre was present in 8% of lactating women, and another 8% had grade 2 goitre.Conclusions: Findings of this study call for further attention to iodine intake during pregnancy and lactation. The currently recommended intake of iodine through universal salt iodisation may not be adequate for pregnant and lactating women, and supplementation during pregnancy and lactation should be further considered in light of the latest recommendations.

scholarly journals A cross-sectional study on iodine status among pregnant and non-pregnant women of Tripura: a North-Eastern state of India

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 486
Author(s):  
Nilratan Majumder ◽  
Balaram Sutradhar ◽  
Saradindu Riang ◽  
Shib Sekhar Datta
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Metabolic Demand ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Iodine Excretion

Background: Due to excess metabolic demand of iodine in pregnancy, pregnant women and lactating mother and their neonates are most vulnerable of iodine deficiency disorder. Urinary iodine excretion is a good marker of recent dietary iodine intake. Thus, present study was conducted to assess the iodine status and median urinary iodine excretion (UIE μg/lit) among pregnant and non-pregnant women of Tripura.Methods: Tribal and Bengali pregnant and non-pregnant women from Bokafa and Jolaibari Block of South Tripura district were included in the study. Urinary iodine excretion was done using simple micro plate method. Salt iodine was estimated using iodometric titration. All the tests were performed at CNRT Lab, ICMR, India.Results: Total number of subjects included in this study was 1071. Total number of urine samples collected from pregnant and non-pregnant women was 538 and 533 respectively. Median value of UIE in pregnant and non-pregnant women of Tripura was 155.0µg/L and 130.0µg/L. In pregnant women percentage prevalence of severe (<20µg/L), moderate (20-49µg/L) and mild iodine deficiency (50-149µg/L) was found in 4.1%, 15.1% and 29.6% subjects. In case of non-pregnant women severe (<20µg/L), moderate (20-49µg/L) and mild iodine deficiency (50-99µg/L) was found in 0.6%, 9.6%, 27.8% subjects respectively. The overall prevalence of iodine deficiency was found in 48.8% pregnant women, compared to 38.0% non-pregnant subjects.Conclusions: Efforts towards universal salt iodization need to be stepped-up in Sub-Himalayan region (NE part of India) and pregnant and lactating mothers may be targeted with alternate iodine supplements (Colloidal Iodine).

scholarly journals Excess dietary iodine intake in long-term African refugees

2006 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J Seal ◽  
Paul I Creeke ◽  
Daniella Gnat ◽  
Fathia Abdalla ◽  
Zahra Mirghani
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Humanitarian Assistance ◽  
World Health ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Excessive Iodine ◽  
Iodine Excretion

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the iodine status of long-term refugees dependent on international food aid and humanitarian assistance.DesignA series of cross-sectional two-stage cluster or systematic random sample surveys which assessed urinary iodine excretion and the prevalence of visible goitre. Salt samples were also collected and tested for iodine content by titration.SettingSix refugee camps in East, North and Southern Africa.SubjectsMale and female adolescents aged 10–19 years.Main resultsThe median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) ranged from 254 to 1200 μg l−1 and in five of the camps exceeded the recommended maximum limit of 300 μg l−1, indicating excessive iodine intake. Visible goitre was assessed in four surveys where it ranged from 0.0 to 7.1%. The camp with the highest UIC also had the highest prevalence of visible goitre. The iodine concentrations in 11 salt samples from three camps were measured by titration and six of these exceeded the production-level concentration of 20 to 40 ppm recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), but were all less than 100 ppm.ConclusionsExcessive consumption of iodine is occurring in most of the surveyed populations. Urgent revision of the level of salt iodisation is required to meet current WHO recommendations. However, the full cause of excessive iodine excretion remains unknown and further investigation is required urgently to identify the cause, assess any health impact and identify remedial action.

scholarly journals Urinary iodine excretion in pregnant women residing in areas with adequate iodine intake

2003 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Azizi ◽  
A Aminorroya ◽  
M Hedayati ◽  
H Rezvanian ◽  
M Amini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
Islamic Republic Of Iran

AbstractObjective:Pregnancy is accompanied by profound alterations in thyroid economy and relative iodine deficiency. The aim of this study was to evaluate urinary iodine excretion of pregnant women in cities with adequate and more than adequate iodine intake.Methods:A cross-sectional study was performed on schoolchildren and pregnant women in four cities in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Urinary iodine excretion was measured for 438 schoolchildren and 403 pregnant women. In addition, in Isfahan City, thyroid volume was measured by sonography for 30 pregnant women in each trimester of pregnancy and for 90 non-pregnant women who also had urinary iodine measurement.Results:Median urinary iodine of schoolchildren was 31.2, 25.0, 20.2 and 19.3 μg/dl in Rasht, Isfahan, Ilam and Tehran, respectively. Corresponding values for pregnant women were 33.8, 21.2, 19.0 and 18.6μg/dl. The percentage of pregnant women with urinary iodine below 20μg/dl was 16, 45, 55 and 54, and below 10μg/dl was 1, 7, 7 and 13, in Rasht, Isfahan, Ilam and Tehran, respectively. In Isfahan, urinary iodine was significantly decreased in the third trimester of pregnancy, compared with controls. Mean thyroid volume was 7.8±3.1 ml and 7.8±2.8 ml in pregnant and non-pregnant women, respectively.Conclusion:Recommended values for dietary iodine through universal salt iodisation may not be adequate for pregnant women, and the specific problem of iodine and pregnancy should be considered further in the light of the latest recommendations.

Maternal iodine status and neonatal thyroid-stimulating hormone concentration: a community survey in Songkhla, southern Thailand

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 2279-2284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Somchit Jaruratanasirikul ◽  
Pasuree Sangsupawanich ◽  
Ounjai Koranantakul ◽  
Prasin Chanvitan ◽  
Prasit Ruaengrairatanaroj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Southern Thailand ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

AbstractObjectiveTo determine iodine intake and urinary iodine excretion (UIE) in a group of pregnant Thai women and the concentration of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in their neonates.DesignA prospective cohort study.SettingThree districts of Songkhla, southern Thailand.SubjectsTwo hundred and thirty-six pregnant women.ResultsA quarter of the participants lacked knowledge of iodine and the prevention of iodine deficiency, although 70 % used iodized salt. Those who did not use iodized salt stated that they had no knowledge about iodine (57 %) and no iodized salt was sold in their village (36 %). The median iodine intake in the three districts was 205–240 μg/d, with 53–74 % of pregnant women having iodine intake <250 μg/d. The median UIE in the three districts was 51–106 μg/l, with 24–35 % having UIE < 50 μg/l. The mean neonatal TSH was 2·40 (sd1·56) mU/l, with 8·9 % of neonates having TSH > 5 mU/l.ConclusionsThe studied women and their fetuses were at risk of mild iodine deficiency. About a quarter of the participants lacked knowledge of the importance of iodine. Education regarding the importance of iodine supplements and the promotion of iodized salt should be added to national health-care policies in order to prevent iodine-deficiency disorders, diseases that are subclinical but have long-term sequelae.

scholarly journals Nationwide Representative Survey of Dietary Iodine Intake and Urinary Excretion in Postpartum Korean Women

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 3955
Author(s):  
Do-Kyung Lee ◽  
Hunjoo Lee ◽  
Hyeyoung Lee ◽  
Taehyung Yoon ◽  
Seon-Joo Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Brown Seaweed ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Korean Women ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Iodine Excretion

Iodine is an essential component of thyroid hormones, but excessive iodine intake can lead to thyroid dysfunction. Traditionally, Korean mothers consume brown seaweed soup (miyeokguk), a high source of iodine, after childbirth. There is controversy regarding the effects of excessive postpartum iodine intake on the health of mothers and infants. Thus far, there have been no nationwide large-scale surveys regarding the status of iodine intake among postpartum women in Korea. Therefore, we conducted a nationwide survey of postpartum dietary iodine intake among Korean women. In total, 1054 Korean women aged ≥19 years, at less than 8 weeks postpartum, participated in this survey. Dietary data were collected using self-reported 2-day dietary records, along with before-and-after meal photos. To evaluate the correlation between dietary iodine and urinary iodine excretion (UIE), spot urine, and 24 h urine samples were collected from 98 and 29 participants, respectively. The mean daily iodine intake among all participants was 2945.6 μg, and it gradually decreased over time after childbirth. Dietary iodine intake was significantly correlated with 24 h UIE (r = 0.396, p < 0.05) and spot urine UIE (r = 0.312, p < 0.05). Follow-up studies are required to examine the influence of excessive postpartum iodine intake on thyroid health in mothers and their infants.

Iodine and Goiter in Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-90
Author(s):  
Frederick L. Trowbridge ◽  
Josip Matovinovic ◽  
Gordon D. McLaren ◽  
Milton Z. Nichaman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
The United States ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
High Iodine ◽  
Goiter Prevalence ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
American Children

Goiter examination was performed on 7,785 children aged 9 to 16 years in four areas of the United States—Michigan, Kentucky, Texas, and Georgia. Urinary iodine and creatinine, thyroxine, protein-bound iodine, and plasma inorganic iodide determinations were made on 377 matched pairs of goitrous and nongoitrous control children. The overall prevalence of goiter was 6.8%. Most children with goiter had palpably but not visibly enlarged thyroids and showed no evidence of clinical or biochemical thyroid abnormality. Mean urinary iodine excretion was 452µg/gm of creatinine, many times the 50µg/gm of creatinine level used to define deficiency. Children with goiter and areas with high goiter prevalence tended to have higher rather than lower iodine excretion. These findings are consistent with other data indicating high iodine intakes in the United States and suggest that goiter in American children cannot be assumed to be related to iodine deficiency. The possible role of high iodine intake in the causation of goiter is discussed.

scholarly journals Iodine bioavailability from cow milk: a randomized, crossover balance study in healthy iodine-replete adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia L van der Reijden ◽  
Valeria Galetti ◽  
Sarah Bürki ◽  
Christophe Zeder ◽  
Adam Krzystek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Total Iodine ◽  
Balance Study ◽  
Iodine Absorption ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
Potential Matrix

ABSTRACTBackgroundMilk and dairy products are considered important dietary sources of iodine in many countries. However, to our knowledge, iodine bioavailability from milk has not been directly measured in humans.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to compare iodine bioavailability in iodine-replete adults from: 1) cow milk containing a high concentration of native iodine; 2) milk containing a low concentration of native iodine, with the addition of potassium iodide (KI) to assess a potential matrix effect; and 3) an aqueous solution of KI as a comparator; with all 3 containing equal amounts of total iodine (263 µg/250 mL). We also speciated iodine in milk.DesignWe conducted a 3-wk, randomized, crossover balance study in adults (n = 12) consuming directly analyzed, standardized diets. During the 3 test conditions — high intrinsic iodine milk (IIM), extrinsically added iodine in milk (EIM), and aqueous iodine solution (AIS) — subjects collected 24-h urine over 3 d and consumed the test drink on the second day, with 3- or 4-d wash-out periods prior to each treatment. Iodine absorption was calculated as the ratio of urinary iodine excretion (UIE) to total iodine intake. Milk iodine speciation was performed using ion chromatography-mass spectrometry.ResultsIodine intake from the standardized diet was 195 ± 6 µg/d for males and 107 ± 6 µg/d for females; the test drinks provided an additional 263 µg. Eleven subjects completed the protocol. There was a linear relation between iodine intake and UIE (β = 0.89, SE = 0.04, P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in UIE among the 3 conditions (P = 0.24). Median (range) fractional iodine absorption across the 3 conditions was 91 (51–145), 72 (48–95), and 98 (51–143)% on days 1, 2, and 3, respectively, with day 2 significantly lower compared with days 1 and 3 (P < 0.001). In milk, 80–93% of the total iodine was inorganic iodide.ConclusionNearly all of the iodine in cow milk is iodide and although fractional iodine absorption from milk decreases with increasing dose, its bioavailability is high. The trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03590431.

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