scholarly journals Where and when are portion sizes larger in young children? An analysis of eating occasion size among 1.5-5-year-olds in the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2008-17)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Alice Porter ◽  
Zoi Toumpakari ◽  
Ruth Kipping ◽  
Carolyn Summerbell ◽  
Laura Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Eating Occasion ◽  
Portion Sizes ◽  
Eating Occasions ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Watching Tv ◽  
At Home

Abstract Objective To identify eating occasion-level and individual-level factors associated with the consumption of larger portions in young children and estimate their relative importance. Design Cross-sectional. Setting Data from parent-reported 4-day food diaries in the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2008-17) were analysed. Multilevel models explored variation in eating occasion size (kJ) within (n=48,419 occasions) and between children (n=1962) for all eating occasions. Eating contexts; location, eating companion, watching TV, and sitting at a table and individual characteristics; age, gender, ethnicity, and parental socioeconomic status were explored as potential correlates of eating occasion size. Participants Children aged 1.5-5 years. Results Median eating occasion size was 657kJ (IQR 356, 1117) Eating occasion size variation was primarily attributed (90%) to differences between eating occasions. Most (73%) eating occasions were consumed at home. In adjusted models, eating occasions in eateries were 377kJ larger than at home. Eating occasions sitting at a table, vs. not, were 197kJ larger. Eating in childcare, with additional family members and friends, and whilst watching TV were other eating contexts associated with slightly larger eating occasion sizes. Conclusions Eating contexts that vary from one eating occasion to another are more important than demographic characteristics that vary between children in explaining variation in consumed portion sizes in young children. Strategies to promote consumption of age-appropriate portion sizes in young children should be developed, especially in the home environment, in eating contexts such as sitting at the table, eating with others and watching TV.

scholarly journals High-risk environments for eating foods surplus to requirements: a multilevel analysis of adolescents’ non-core food intake in the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS)

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoi Toumpakari ◽  
Kate Tilling ◽  
Anne M Haase ◽  
Laura Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Risk Environments ◽  
Core Energy

AbstractObjectiveInterventions to reduce adolescents’ non-core food intake (i.e. foods high in fat and sugar) could target specific people or specific environments, but the relative importance of environmental contexts v. individual characteristics is unknown.DesignCross-sectional.SettingData from 4d food diaries in the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) 2008–2012 were analysed. NDNS food items were classified as ‘non-core’ based on fat and sugar cut-off points per 100g of food. Linear multilevel models investigated associations between ‘where’ (home, school, etc.) and ‘with whom’ (parents, friends, etc.) eating contexts and non-core food energy (kcal) per eating occasion (EO), adjusting for variables at the EO (e.g. time of day) and adolescent level (e.g. gender).ParticipantsAdolescents (n 884) aged 11–18 years.ResultsOnly 11 % of variation in non-core energy intake was attributed to differences between adolescents. In adjusted models, non-core food intake was 151 % higher (ratio; 95 % CI) in EO at ‘Eateries’ (2·51; 2·14, 2·95) and 88 % higher at ‘School’ (1·88; 1·65, 2·13) compared with ‘Home’. EO with ‘Friends’ (1·16; CI 1·03, 1·31) and ‘Family & friends’ (1·21; 1·07, 1·37) contained 16–21 % more non-core food compared with eating ‘Alone’. At the individual level, total energy intake and BMI, but not social class, gender or age, were weakly associated with more non-core energy intake.ConclusionsRegardless of individual characteristics, adolescents’ non-core food consumption was higher outside the home, especially at eateries. Targeting specific eating contexts, not individuals, may contribute to more effective public health interventions.

scholarly journals Energy density of meals and snacks in the British diet in relation to overall diet quality, BMI and waist circumference: findings from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey

2016 ◽  
Vol 116 (8) ◽  
pp. 1479-1489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kentaro Murakami ◽  
M. Barbara E. Livingstone
Keyword(s):  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dietary Record ◽  
Eating Occasions ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Diet Score

AbstractThis cross-sectional study examined how energy density (ED) in meals and snacks is associated with overall diet quality, BMI and waist circumference (WC). On the basis of the data from 7-d weighed dietary record, all eating occasions were divided into meals or snacks based on time (meals: 06.00–10.00, 12.00–15.00 and 18.00–21.00 hours; snacks: others) or contribution to energy intake (EI) (meals: ≥15; snacks: <15%) in 1451 British adults aged 19–64 years. Irrespective of the definition of meals and snacks, both meal ED and snack ED (kJ/g; calculated on the basis of solid food only) were inversely associated with overall diet quality assessed by the healthy diet indicator (regression coefficient (β)=−0·29 to −0·21 and −0·07 to −0·04, respectively) and Mediterranean diet score (β=−0·43 to −0·30 and −0·13 to −0·06, respectively) in both sexes (P≤0·002), although the associations were stronger for meal ED. After adjustment for potential confounders, in both men and women, meal ED based on EI contribution showed positive associations with BMI (β=0·34; 95% CI 0·06, 0·62 and β=0·31; 95% CI 0·01, 0·61, respectively) and WC (β=0·96; 95% CI 0·27, 1·66 and β=0·67; 95% CI 0·04, 1·30, respectively). In addition, meal ED based on time was positively associated with WC in men (β=0·59; 95% CI 0·07, 1·10) and snack ED based on time was positively associated with BMI in women (β=0·15; 95% CI 0·04, 0·27). In analyses in which only acceptable EI reporters were included, similar results were obtained. In conclusion, the findings suggest stronger associations of meal ED with overall diet quality, BMI and WC compared with snack ED.

scholarly journals Parent–child cooking meal together may relate to parental concerns about the diets of their toddlers and preschoolers: a cross-sectional analysis in Japan

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Midori Ishikawa ◽  
Kumi Eto ◽  
Miki Miyoshi ◽  
Tetsuji Yokoyama ◽  
Mayu Haraikawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Picky Eating ◽  
Sweetened Beverages ◽  
Cooking Practices ◽  
Sectional Analysis ◽  
Parent Child

Abstract Background Parents often have concerns about the food habits of their young children. Cooking is a frequent behavior related to dietary activities at home. We hypothesized that “a parent cooking meals together with young children might alleviate dietary concerns.” The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between parental cooking practices (e.g., cooking meals together with the child) and diet-related concerns. Methods Data were extracted from the “National nutrition survey on preschool children” conducted among nation-wide households with toddlers and preschoolers in 2015 by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan. Parents were classified into two groups comprising those who cooked meals together with their children and those who did not. The following variables were compared: taking too much time to eat (slow eaters), “picky” eating (eating only certain foods), inconsistent food intake (eating too much or too little), playing with food/utensils while eating, preferring sweetened beverages and snacks over meals, eating too fast to chew well, not swallowing food, disinterested in eating, and spitting out food. The associations between parent–child cooking meals together and the concerns pertaining to the child’s dietary habits and food intake were analyzed and compared between the two groups. Results The concerns of “picky eating” and “playing with food/utensils while eating” were lower, while “eating too much” was higher in the parent-cooking together group. The intake frequency of fish, soybeans/soy products, vegetables, and milk among children were higher in the “cooking together” group than among those in the “not cooking together” group. Children in the “cooking together” group consumed a significantly greater variety of foods than those in the “not cooking together” group. Conclusions Cooking a meal together with a child may be related to the parent’s lower concerns about the dietary habits of the child, including “picky eating” and “playing with food/utensils while eating,” but may also be related to the higher concerns of “eating too much.”

scholarly journals Obesity-Related Factors in Turkish School Children

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cihad Dündar ◽  
Hatice Öz
Keyword(s):  
Private School ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
School Students ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Turkish Children ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Watching Tv

Objective. To determine the prevalence of obesity and its risk factors in Turkish children.Method. This cross-sectional survey was conducted on students including 1271 boys and 1206 girls selected from 20 secondary schools in Samsun, Turkey. A predesigned questionnaire was used to elicit the information on individual characteristics. The height and weight of students were measured in their classroom. Obesity was defined as body mass index at or above the 95th percentile for age of the sex-specific CDC growth charts.Result. The mean age was 12.8 ± 0.9 years, and the prevalence of obesity was found at 10.3%. There were higher numbers of obese students in boys than in girls (X2= 53.4;P< 0.001). The prevalence of obesity was 10.0% and 16.8% in public and private school students, respectively. The percentage of obese children in students who skipped breakfast was found to be higher than that in the group that consumed 3 meals a day regularly. There was no difference at time spent in sedentary behavior except watching TV, and prevalence of obesity in the group of students watching television over 3 hours per day was higher than that in their counterparts (X2= 13.6;P< 0.01). The time of engagement in sports was lower in obese group statistically (F= 8.9;P< 0.001).Conclusion. In order to prevent childhood obesity, monitoring children's lifestyle by parents is necessary.

scholarly journals Energy and nutrient intakes of young children in the UK: findings from the Gemini twin cohort

2016 ◽  
Vol 115 (10) ◽  
pp. 1843-1850 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Syrad ◽  
C. H. Llewellyn ◽  
C. H. M. van Jaarsveld ◽  
L. Johnson ◽  
S. A. Jebb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
The Uk

AbstractData on the diets of young children in the UK are limited, despite growing evidence of the importance of early diet for long-term health. We used the largest contemporary dietary data set to describe the intake of 21-month-old children in the UK. Parents of 2336 children aged 21 months from the UK Gemini twin cohort completed 3-d diet diaries in 2008/2009. Family background information was obtained from questionnaires completed 8 months after birth. Mean total daily intakes of energy, macronutrients (g and %E) and micronutrients from food and beverages, including and excluding supplements, were derived. Comparisons with UK dietary reference values (DRV) were made usingttests and general linear regression models, respectively. Daily energy intake (kJ), protein (g) and most micronutrients exceeded DRV, except for vitamin D and Fe, where 96 or 84 % and 70 or 6 % of children did not achieve the reference nutrient intake or lower reference nutrient intake (LRNI), respectively, even with supplementation. These findings reflect similar observations in the smaller sample of children aged 18–36 months in the National Diet and Nutrition Survey. At a population level, young children in the UK are exceeding recommended daily intakes of energy and protein, potentially increasing their risk of obesity. The majority of children are not meeting the LRNI for vitamin D, largely reflecting inadequate use of the supplements recommended at this age. Parents may need more guidance on how to achieve healthy energy and nutrient intakes for young children.

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