Commensal microbiome effects on mucosal immune system development in the ruminant gastrointestinal tract

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Taschuk ◽  
Philip J Griebel
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
System Development ◽  
Mucosal Immune System ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Commensal Flora ◽  
Mucosal Surfaces ◽  
Immune System Development

AbstractCommensal microflora play many roles within the mammalian gastrointestinal tract (GIT) that benefit host physiology by way of direct or indirect interactions with mucosal surfaces. Commensal flora comprises members across all microbial phyla, although predominantly bacterial, with population dynamics varying with host species, genotype, and environmental factors. Little is known, however, about the complex mechanisms regulating host–commensal interactions that underlie this mutually beneficial relationship and how alterations in the microbiome may influence host development and susceptibility to infection. Research into the gut microbiome has intensified as it becomes increasingly evident that symbiont–host interactions have a significant impact on mucosal immunity and health. Furthermore, evidence that microbial populations vary significantly throughout the GIT suggest that regional differences in the microbiome may also influence immune function within distinct compartments of the GIT. Postpartum colonization of the GIT has been shown to have a direct effect on mucosal immune system development, but information is limited regarding regional effects of the microbiome on the development, activation, and maturation of the mucosal immune system. This review discusses factors influencing the colonization and establishment of the microbiome throughout the GIT of newborn calves and the evidence that regional differences in the microbiome influence mucosal immune system development and maturation. The implications of this complex interaction are also discussed in terms of possible effects on responses to enteric pathogens and vaccines.

scholarly journals The Opportunistic PathogenListeria monocytogenes: Pathogenicity and Interaction with the Mucosal Immune System

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Schuppler ◽  
Martin J. Loessner
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Foodborne Pathogen ◽  
Mucosal Immune System ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Gastrointestinal Microbiota ◽  
Commensal Flora ◽  
Mucosal Surfaces ◽  
Antigenic Load

Listeria monocytogenesis an opportunistic foodborne pathogen causing listeriosis, an often fatal infection leading to meningitis, sepsis, or infection of the fetus and abortion in susceptible individuals. It was recently found that the bacterium can also cause acute, self-limiting febrile gastroenteritis in healthy individuals. In the intestinal tract,L. monocytogenespenetrates the mucosa directly via enterocytes, or indirectly via invasion of Peyer’s patches. Animal models forL. monocytogenesinfection have provided many insights into the mechanisms of pathogenesis, and the development of new model systems has allowed the investigation of factors that influence adaptation to the gastrointestinal environment as well as adhesion to and invasion of the intestinal mucosa. The mucosal surfaces of the gastrointestinal tract are permanently exposed to an enormous antigenic load derived from the gastrointestinal microbiota present in the human bowel. The integrity of the important epithelial barrier is maintained by the mucosal immune system and its interaction with the commensal flora via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the interaction ofL. monocytogeneswith the host immune system that triggers the antibacterial immune responses on the mucosal surfaces of the human gastrointestinal tract.

Lactobacillus brevis strain 1E1 administered to piglets through milk supplementation prior to weaning maintains intestinal integrity after the weaning event

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Gebert ◽  
E. Davis ◽  
T. Rehberger ◽  
C. Maxwell
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
System Development ◽  
Lactobacillus Brevis ◽  
Neonatal Piglets ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Immune System Development ◽  
Lactation Phase ◽  
Cell Phenotypes

Early colonisation in the gastrointestinal tract by commensal microbes influences the progressive development and maturity of digestive and immune system functionality in the neonate. Application of strategically selected direct-fed microbials to neonatal pigs may provide an opportunity to dictate a portion of the intestinal microbial community and exert a beneficial influence on these developmental processes. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of early administration of Lactobacillus brevis strain 1E1 to neonatal piglets (n=224) via a milk supplement system on gastrointestinal microbial counts, villous architecture, and immune cell phenotypes during the lactation phase and after weaning. Pigs administered the direct-fed microbial had lower Escherichia coli counts in the jejunum and ileum (P<0.05), and lower coliform counts in the jejunum compared to unsupplemented pigs (P<0.05). The villous height:crypt depth ratio was greater in the ileum at 9 days of age when pigs were provided L. brevis 1E1 compared to unsupplemented pigs (P<0.05), as well as in the duodenum of pigs supplemented with L. brevis 1E1 at 22 days of age (P<0.05). The number of leukocytes expressing CD2 (P<0.05), CD4 (P=0.07) and MHC-II (P=0.07) was lower in the jejunum of pigs administered L. brevis 1E1 compared to unsupplemented pigs, however direct-fed microbial treatment had no effect on the number of leukocytes expressing CD8, CD25 or SWC3. These data demonstrate that early colonisation of the porcine gastrointestinal tract with L. brevis strain 1E1 during the lactation phase influences the progression of intestinal structure, immune system development, and pathogen establishment, indicating a relationship between early microbial colonisation and development of intestinal maturity and integrity.

scholarly journals Osteopontin Levels in Human Milk Are Related to Maternal Nutrition and Infant Health and Growth

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2670
Author(s):  
Aysegül Aksan ◽  
Izzet Erdal ◽  
Siddika Songül Yalcin ◽  
Jürgen Stein ◽  
Gülhan Samur
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
System Development ◽  
Maternal Factors ◽  
Immune System Development ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pregnancy Weight

Background: Osteopontin (OPN) is a glycosylated phosphoprotein found in human tissues and body fluids. OPN in breast milk is thought to play a major role in growth and immune system development in early infancy. Here, we investigated maternal factors that may affect concentrations of OPN in breast milk, and the possible associated consequences for the health of neonates. Methods: General characteristics, health status, dietary patterns, and anthropometric measurements of 85 mothers and their babies were recorded antenatally and during postnatal follow-up. Results: The mean concentration of OPN in breast milk was 137.1 ± 56.8 mg/L. Maternal factors including smoking, BMI, birth route, pregnancy weight gain, and energy intake during lactation were associated with OPN levels (p < 0.05). Significant correlations were determined between body weight, length, and head circumference, respectively, and OPN levels after one (r = 0.442, p = < 0.001; r = −0.284, p = < 0.001; r = −0.392, p = < 0.001) and three months (r = 0.501, p = < 0.001; r = −0.450, p = < 0.001; r = −0.498, p = < 0.001) of lactation. A negative relation between fever-related infant hospitalizations from 0–3 months and breast milk OPN levels (r = −0.599, p < 0.001) was identified. Conclusions: OPN concentrations in breast milk differ depending on maternal factors, and these differences can affect the growth and immune system functions of infants. OPN supplementation in infant formula feed may have benefits and should be further investigated.

scholarly journals 398 Towards new feeding approaches for optimizing nutritional status, immunity and host-microbiota interactions in neonatal and weaned piglets

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 181-181
Author(s):  
Martin Lessard ◽  
Mylène Blais ◽  
Guylaine Talbot ◽  
J Jacques Matte ◽  
Ann Letellier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
System Development ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Epithelial Cell Line ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Immune System Development

Abstract Lactation, feeding conditions, microbial interventions and piglet growth in the first few weeks of life have important impact on the intestinal microbiota establishment and immune system development of piglets. Indeed, colostrum and milk contain various bioactive components such as immune factors, antimicrobial peptides and oligosaccharides that contribute to maintain intestinal homeostasis and regulate interactions between microbiota and host immune system. Recent results revealed that low birth weight piglet (LBWP) with poor weight gain during the first two weeks of life develop different intestinal microbiota and immune response profiles compared to high BWP (HBWP) littermates. Consequently, piglets within litters may have different resilience to infections after weaning and benefit from feed additives in a specific manner. A study has been performed to evaluate the potential of bovine colostrum extract (BC) as replacement to plasma proteins for improving gut health and resilience to Salmonella infection in piglets. Results revealed that in weaned piglets fed BC, intestinal microbiota was differently modulated and bacterial dysbiosis induced by Salmonella was restored faster. Moreover, expression of genes involved in innate immunity such as β-defensin-2 and glutathione peroxidase-2 was respectively down- and up-regulated in BC fed piglets. A combination of dietary supplementation with BC, cupper and vitamins A and D has also been tested in LBWP and HBWP, and there is clear evidence that BC in combination with other feed additives promote growth and gut health in both LBWP and HBWP. The porcine intestinal epithelial cell line IPEC-J2 was used to better understand the functional properties of BC. Results indicated that BC improves wound healing, enhances barrier function and modulates the expression of several genes involved in innate immune response. Finally, as microbial intervention, the potential of fecal transplantation to modulate intestinal microbiota and immune system development of piglets is under investigation and will be discussed.

scholarly journals VOLARE: Visual analysis of disease-associated microbiome-immune system interplay

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet C. Siebert ◽  
Charles Preston Neff ◽  
Jennifer M. Schneider ◽  
EmiLie H. Regner ◽  
Neha Ohri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Web Application ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
System Development ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Domain Experts ◽  
Immune System Development ◽  
Interactive Environment ◽  
System Logs ◽  
Linear Regressions

AbstractBackgroundRelationships between specific microbes and proper immune system development, composition, and function have been reported in a number of studies. However, researchers have discovered only a fraction of the likely relationships. High-dimensional “omic” methodologies such as 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing and Time-of-flight mass cytometry (CyTOF) immunophenotyping generate data that support generation of hypotheses, with the potential to identify additional relationships at a level of granularity ripe for further experimentation. Pairwise linear regressions between microbial and host immune features is one approach for quantifying relationships between “omes”, and the differences in these relationships across study cohorts or arms. This approach yields a top table of candidate results. However, the top table alone lacks the detail that domain experts need to vet candidate results for follow-up experiments.ResultsTo support this vetting, we developed VOLARE (Visualization Of LineAr Regression Elements), a web application that integrates a searchable top table, small in-line graphs illustrating the fitted models, a network summarizing the top table, and on-demand detailed regression plots showing full sample-level detail. We applied VOLARE to three case studies—microbiome:cytokine data from fecal samples in HIV, microbiome:cytokine data in inflammatory bowel disease and spondyloarthritis, and microbiome:immune cell data from gut biopsies in HIV. We present both patient-specific phenomena and relationships that differ by disease state. We also analyzed interaction data from system logs to characterize usage scenarios. This log analysis revealed that, in using VOLARE, domain experts frequently generated detailed regression plots, suggesting that this detail aids the vetting of results.ConclusionsSystematically integrating microbe:immune cell readouts through pairwise linear regressions and presenting the top table in an interactive environment supports the vetting of results for scientific relevance. VOLARE allows domain experts to control the analysis of their results, screening dozens of candidate relationships with ease. This interactive environment transcends the limitations of a static top table.

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