Caribbean ginger and Atlantic trade, 1570–1648

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 410-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bethany Aram
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
Low Countries ◽  
Spanish Caribbean ◽  
Caribbean Islands ◽  
Atlantic Trade ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Humoral Medicine ◽  
The Caribbean

AbstractGinger smuggled out of Asia flourished on the Caribbean islands of Hispaniola and Puerto Rico during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. The oriental root, whose migration and transplantation Spanish sovereigns sought to stimulate, enjoyed more of a market in England and the Low Countries than in Castile. A differentiated demand for ginger in northern and southern Europe, documented in archival and literary sources, reflected the principles of humoral medicine and influenced trade. Ginger’s poor adaptation to the Spanish fleet system, exacerbated by armed conflicts, including the revolt of the Low Countries (1568–1648) and the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604), fomented rather than inhibited a continuum of prohibited practices from privateering to contraband, with English and Dutch merchant-privateers in the ‘Spanish’ Caribbean interested in ginger, sugar, and hides, among other commodities.

Geology and hydrogeology of the Caribbean islands aquifer system of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Renken ◽  
W. C. Ward ◽  
I.P. Gill ◽  
Fernando Gómez-Gómez ◽  
Jesús Rodríguez-Martínez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Virgin Islands ◽  
Aquifer System ◽  
Caribbean Islands ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
The U.S

Leishmania spp. and leishmaniasis on the Caribbean islands

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaoqun Yao
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Trinidad And Tobago ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Caribbean Islands ◽  
Leishmania Spp ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Human Infections ◽  
Sand Fly Vectors

Abstract The kinetoplastid protozoan Leishmania spp. cause leishmaniasis, which clinically exhibit mainly as a cutaneous, mucocutanous or visceral form depending upon the parasite species in humans. The disease is widespread geographically, leading to 20 000 annual deaths. Here, leishmaniases in both humans and animals, reservoirs and sand fly vectors on the Caribbean islands are reviewed. Autochthonous human infections by Leishmania spp. were found in the Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe and Martinique as well as Trinidad and Tobago; canine infections were found in St. Kitts and Grenada; and equine infections were found in Puerto Rico. Imported human cases have been reported in Cuba. The parasites included Leishmania amazonensis, Le. martiniquensis and Le. waltoni. Possible sand fly vectors included Lutzomyia christophei, Lu. atroclavatus, Lu. cayennensis and Lu. flaviscutellata as well as Phlebotomus guadeloupensis. Reservoirs included rats, rice rats and mouse opossum. An updated study is warranted for the control and elimination of leishmaniasis in the region because some of the data are four decades old.

scholarly journals Overcoming Issues in Ancient Puerto Rican Boulder Art Research: Reflections from the La Mina Petroglyph Project

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Rhianna C. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Puerto Rican ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Spanish Caribbean ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Art Research ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
Funding Opportunities

Puerto Rico has long been understood by archaeologists as a key geographical location for understanding the succession of cultural occupations in the Caribbean (Alegría, 1965; Curet, 2006; Siegel, 2005.) Unfortunately, despite the importance of archaeology in this region, the island has been continuously effected by socio-economic instability, lack of archaeological funding opportunities, few specialized academic programs, and a heavy focus on cultural resource management (CRM) rather than academic research. Though more Puerto Rican-focused archaeologists have joined the academic discussion, publications in this area are still relatively low and heavily focused on CRM and salvage work. Poor funding and resources for non-consulting archaeological projects has relegated Puerto Rico to the “island with the lowest number of publications in the Spanish Caribbean.” (L.A. Current, 2006 pg. 656). This paper will highlight some of the limitations of working in Puerto Rican archaeology. We will use the experiences we gained from our research project at the La Mina archaeological site to shed light on some of the difficulties we encountered as well as (hopefully) encourage an increase in academic and financial support for this understudied region of the Caribbean.

scholarly journals Continental Origins of Insular Proslavery: George Dawson Flinter in Curaçao, Venezuela, Britain, and Puerto Rico, 1810s-1830s

Almanack ◽  
2014 ◽  
pp. 55-67
Author(s):  
Christopher Schmidt-Nowara
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Atlantic World ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Spanish Colonial ◽  
Spanish Caribbean ◽  
The Caribbean

Abstract This article traces the career and migrations of George Dawson Flinter, a naturalized Spanish subject of Irish origin, who became a prominent apologist for slavery and Spanish colonial rule in the Caribbean in the 1820s and 1830s. It argues that Flinter's experiences in the revolutionary Americas, especially in Venezuela, shaped his attitudes toward slavery, freedom, race, and social order, which he promoted on behalf of the Spanish regime as a propagandist in Britain and in Puerto Rico. Flinter's writings, loyalties, and migrations throw new light on the sources of proslavery thought, not only in the Spanish Caribbean, but also in the broader Atlantic world during the consolidation of the second slavery.

scholarly journals Steinernema puertoricensis n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 78 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 167-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessé Román ◽  
Wilfredo Figueroa
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
Ventral Side ◽  
Nerve Ring ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Caribbean Islands ◽  
Humid Environment ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
The Caribbean

Steinernema puertoricensis n. sp., isolated from sand collected from a coconut plantation, can be distinguished from S. glaseri, its most closely related species, by characteristics of the first generation adults. The female has a greater body length (8.6 mm) and width (375 µm). Males have the excretory pore anteriad or posteriad to the nerve ring. Spicules are arcuate and lack a hook at the ventral side of the spicule tip. Infective third-stage juveniles are over 1 mm in length. This appears to be the first species of Steinernema described from the Caribbean islands and adapted to a hot humid environment.

scholarly journals Chikungunya outbreak in Montpellier, France, September to October 2014

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (17) ◽  
Author(s):  
E Delisle ◽  
C Rousseau ◽  
B Broche ◽  
I Leparc-Goffart ◽  
G L’Ambert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
Primary Case ◽  
East Central ◽  
Caribbean Islands ◽  
Imported Cases ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Central South

In October 2014, an outbreak of 12 autochthonous chikungunya cases, 11 confirmed and 1 probable, was detected in a district of Montpellier, a town in the south of France colonised by the vector Aedes albopictus since 2010. A case returning from Cameroon living in the affected district was identified as the primary case. The epidemiological investigations and the repeated vector control treatments performed in the area and around places frequented by cases helped to contain the outbreak. In 2014, the chikungunya and dengue surveillance system in mainland France was challenged by numerous imported cases due to the chikungunya epidemic ongoing in the Caribbean Islands. This first significant outbreak of chikungunya in Europe since the 2007 Italian epidemic, however, was due to an East Central South African (ECSA) strain, imported by a traveller returning from West Africa. Important lessons were learned from this episode, which reminds us that the threat of a chikungunya epidemic in southern Europe is real.

St. Christopher as a Trade Hub for Dutch Merchants, 1624–1667

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-129
Author(s):  
Monique Klarenbeek
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Dutch Republic ◽  
The West ◽  
Caribbean Islands ◽  
Atlantic Trade ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Private Entrepreneurs ◽  
National Boundaries

Since the early seventeenth century a large part of the West Indian trade was in the hands of private entrepreneurs from the Dutch Republic. They were connected through a transnational Atlantic network, not limiting themselves by national boundaries. In this network the Caribbean Islands played an important role as trade hubs; like the Island of St. Christopher, where in the first half of the seventeenth century a significant community of private entrepreneurs emerged, dominating the intra-Caribbean trade by the mid-seventeenth century. Although in the course of the seventeenth century the role as a free port was taken over by the Dutch island of St. Eustatius, St. Christopher played in the first half of the same century a significant part in the development of the transnational Atlantic trade network, that remained intact for centuries, despite, or sometimes even because of, the monopolistic strategies of the emerging nation-states.

scholarly journals Physical and Chemical Characterisation of the Pigments of a 17th-Century Mural Painting in the Spanish Caribbean

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (22) ◽  
pp. 6866
Author(s):  
Virginia Flores-Sasso ◽  
Gloria Pérez ◽  
Letzai Ruiz-Valero ◽  
Sagrario Martínez-Ramírez ◽  
Ana Guerrero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Mural Painting ◽  
White Pigment ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Spanish Caribbean ◽  
Caribbean Islands ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The arrival of Spaniards in the Caribbean islands introduced to the region the practice of applying pigments onto buildings. The pigments that remain on these buildings may provide data on their historical evolution and essential information for tackling restoration tasks. In this study, a 17th-century mural painting located in the Cathedral of Santo Domingo on the Hispaniola island of the Caribbean is characterised via UV–VIS–NIR, Raman and FTIR spectroscopy, XRD and SEM/EDX. The pigments are found in the older Chapel of Our Lady of Candelaria, currently Chapel of Our Lady of Mercy. The chapel was built in the 17th century by black slave brotherhood and extended by Spaniards. During a recent restoration process of the chapel, remains of mural painting appeared, which were covered by several layers of lime. Five colours were identified: ochre, green, red, blue and white. Moreover, it was determined that this mural painting was made before the end of the 18th century, because many of the materials used were no longer used after the industrialisation of painting. However, since both rutile and anatase appear as a white pigment, a restoration may have been carried out in the 20th century, and it has been painted white.

scholarly journals Archaeology of marronage in the Caribbean Antilles

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Theresa Ann Singleton
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Greater Antilles ◽  
Small Islands ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Caribbean Islands ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Preliminary Research ◽  
Local Term

The archaeological study of maroons in the Caribbean Antilles presents both opportunities and challenges. On small islands, runaways had few places where they could seek refuge from slavery and elude capture for long periods of time. Consequently, such sites were occupied briefly and have been difficult to locate and identify. The Greater Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico) had both short-term refuge sites and long-term settlements comparable to quilombos. Archaeologists have been most successful in their investigations maroons in Cuba and Jamaica. In Hispaniola, where I am working at the present, only a few cave sites and one presumed maniel (the local term for a long-term maroon settlements) have been studied. In this paper, I provide an overview of the archaeological study of maroons on the Caribbean Islands and my preliminary research to locate El Maniel de Ocoa, a major settlement of slave runaways for over a hundred years during 1500s-1660s.  

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