CONSTRAINTS, OPPORTUNITIES, AND THE DECISION TO PURSUE BUSINESS OWNERSHIP

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Bates ◽  
Stephen Tuck
Keyword(s):  
Black Business ◽  
Business Community ◽  
Business Ownership ◽  
Opportunity Structures ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Personal Services ◽  
Black Entrepreneurs ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Made In

AbstractThe choice between working as an employee and owning a business is shaped by constraints and opportunities. Among African Americans, understanding why the entrepreneurial path is chosen requires evaluating not only the relative importance of constraints pushing workers toward self-employment versus opportunities pulling entrants into firm ownership, but, more fundamentally, the changing opportunity structures shaping occupational choices. This study focuses on the 1960s and 1970s period when specific constraints historically limiting entrepreneurial alternatives began to change dramatically. Findings indicate that expanding opportunities sharply altered the industry composition of the Black business community.Because economists view the decision to enter into business ownership as an exercise in freedom of choice made on the basis of one’s preferences, they tend not to appreciate that these decisions are made in specific socio-economic contexts and that changes in context matter. Facing altered opportunity structures, prospective Black entrepreneurs have often chosen to abandon fields offering low remuneration—particularly personal services—entering instead into higher yielding fields where creation of viable firms requires investment of capital by owners possessing appropriate expertise. This transformation has remolded the stagnant business community of the mid-1960s into a profoundly different, more dynamic one.

The nuts of'em

1996 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-227
Author(s):  
Robin Kinross
Keyword(s):  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Made In

The typographer Anthony Froshaug worked intermittently as a teacher in Britain and Germany, from the late 1940s through to the 1980s. He was unusual in bringing the experience of typesetting and printing to design teaching, and in his wide set of intellectual interests. Froshaug's contribution was a notable if somewhat subterranean element in the development of education in typography in Britain, especially in the steps towards its modernization that were made in the 1960s and 1970s.

Middlemen in Third-World Corruption: Implications of an Indian Case

1987 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 508-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Oldenburg
Keyword(s):  
Third World ◽  
Political Change ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
The Third ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Third World ◽  
Made In

Corruption—like the weather—is a phenomenon people in the third world talk about a great deal, and, it would seem, do little about. Scholars of political change in the third world share this interest, but—although they are usually not expected to deal with corruption itself —they should move beyond the recounting of vivid anecdotes to a more systematic analysis of the problem. Steps in this direction were made in the 1960s and 1970s, but surprisingly little more work has been done since.

Highly Loaded Axial Flow Compressors: History and Current Developments

1990 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Wennerstrom
Keyword(s):  
Mach Number ◽  
Axial Flow ◽  
Turbine Engines ◽  
Development Programs ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Very High ◽  
Made In ◽  
Axial Flow Compressors

This paper discusses approaches taken over many years to achieve very high loading levels in axial-flow compressors. These efforts have been associated predominantly with aircraft turbine engines. The objective has been to reduce the size and weight of the powerplant, to increase its simplicity and ruggedness, and, whenever possible, to reduce cost. In the introduction, some fundamentals are reviewed that indicate that increased work per stage can only be obtained at a cost of increased Mach number, increased diffusion, or both. The earliest examples cited are some ambitious development programs of the 1950s and 1960s. Some innovative schemes to increase diffusion limits are described that took place in the 1960s and 1970s. Major advancements in dealing with higher Mach number were made in the 1980s. Finally, a few thoughts directed toward potential future developments are presented.

Prospects for the Development of a Black Business Class in South Africa

1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 661-686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duncan James Randall
Keyword(s):  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
Black Business ◽  
The State ◽  
Invisible Hand ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Productive Process ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Impact

The growth of business classes in Africa has attracted much interest since the 1980s when, in the context of severe economic malaise, the impact of the state on development was subjected to critical reappraisal.1 Out of this emerged a consensus that the abysmal economic record of the 1960s and 1970s could, to a large degree, be ascribed to the debilitating effect of an overstretched and swollen state. Official development thinking took this argument the furthest: at the core of the problem, it was asserted, was the expansion of the state's rôle from the preferred minimalist function of providing the legal and macro-economic regulatory framework for capital accumulation, to a more profound intervention in the productive process. As a remedy, the state would have to be restrained from usurping the primary rôle which the market's invisible hand ought to be playing.2

scholarly journals Boks w kadrze. Wybrane strategie inscenizacyjne w polskich filmach o boksie z lat sześćdziesiątych i siedemdziesiątych XX wieku

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (36) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominik Wierski
Keyword(s):  
Great Time ◽  
The World ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Made In

In his article, Dominik Wierski analyses and interprets selected staging strategies in Polish films about boxing. The films cited in the text were made in the 1960s and 1970s. It was a dynamic period in Polish cinematography, but also a great time for Polish boxing. The author wonders how filmmakers showed space related to boxing - training rooms, changing rooms, stands and the boxing ring. Selected films, belonging to the most important examples of Polish filmmakers’ insight into the world of boxing, are analyzed in the terms of their use of colors, sound, camera travel, rhythm and pace etc. The purpose of the text is to answer the question of whether Polish films of the ‘60s and ‘70s developed an integral way of discussing boxing and showing its most characteristic spaces.

scholarly journals Cronología histórica de la quiropterología en Nicaragua

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnulfo Medina-Fitoria ◽  
José G. Martínez-Fonseca
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Siglo Xx ◽  
Second Period ◽  
Made In

ResumenEn este artículo describimos cronológicamente 182 años de investigación chiropterológica que atribuyen 110 especies en Nicaragua; desde la primeracolecta registrada en 1837 hasta la última publicación hecha en 2019. Estos trabajos fueron hechos en su totalidad por extranjeros hasta finalesdel siglo pasado, con una importante participación de investigadores nacionales a partir del siglo XXI. Determinamos tres épocas principales de exploración y cuyo auge ha dependido de las situaciones sociopolíticas del país. La primera seextendió de finales del siglo XIX hasta principios del siglo XX, con un segundo periodo durante las décadas de 1960 y 1970 y un tercer período que transcurre a lo largo del siglo XXI. En total recopilamos y analizamos 93 publicaciones científicas, las cuales datamos y ordenamos según su fecha de publicación. El recuento histórico reconoce a naturalistas y científicos nacionales y extranjeros que han contribuido al conocimiento de los murciélagos del país, donde se resaltan algunas de las obras más significativas para el desarrollo de la mastozoología en Nicaragua.Palabras clave: Especies, localidades, murciélagos, publicaciones. AbstractWe chronologically describe 182 years of chiropterological research, attributing 110 species in Nicaragua; from the first collection recorded in 1837 untilthe last publication made  in 2019; these works were made entirely by foreigners until the end of the last century, with an important participation of nationalresearchers from the 21st century. We determined three main periods of exploration and whose duration has depended on the socio-political situationsof the country. The first extended from the late nineteenth century to the early twentieth century, with a second period during the 1960s and 1970s; and athird period that runs throughout the 21st century. In total we collect and analyze 93 reports, which we date and order according to their publication date.The historical account recognizes national and foreign naturalists and scientists who have contributed to the knowledge of the country’s bats, highlighting some of the most significant works.Key words: Bats, localities, publications, species.

scholarly journals The Individual and Contemporary in Yuliy Raizman's Late Work

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 144-153
Author(s):  
Artyom Olegovich Sopin
Keyword(s):  
Late Work ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Made In

The article examines the films made in the 1960s and 1970s by the filmmakers who became popular in the 1920s and 1930s. Some particular aspects of their adaptation to the new means of artistic expressiveness and adherence to certain themes are analyzed as exemplified by the work of Yuliy Raizman who collaborated with screenwriter Ye. I. Gabrilovich, namely, by their mutual films Your Contemporary (1967), A Strange Woman (1977) and Raizman's Courtesy Call (1972).

scholarly journals (Re)constructing Political Theatre: Discursive and Practical Frameworks for Theatre as an Agent for Change

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 380-396
Author(s):  
Rebecca Hillman
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Political Change ◽  
Political Activism ◽  
Live Performance ◽  
Political Theatre ◽  
Political Performance ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The University ◽  
Made In

In 2015 the concept of live performance as having efficacy to instigate political change is contested, yet some politically motivated performance has demonstrably facilitated change, and critical frameworks have been developed that account for performances that hold clear political stances. However, even where arguments exist for the enduring relevance of political performance, certain models of practice tend to be represented as more efficacious and sophisticated than others. In this article, inspired by her recent experiences of making political theatre, Rebecca Hillman asks to what extent prevalent discourses may nurture or repress histories and futures of political theatre. She re-evaluates the contemporary relevance of agitprop theatre made in British contexts in the 1960s and 1970s by comparing academic analyses of the work with less well-documented critiques by the practitioners and audiences. She documents also the fluctuation and transformation, rather than the dissipation, of political activism in the final decades of the twentieth century. Rebecca Hillman is a director and playwright, and is a Lecturer in Drama at the University of Exeter..

More and More Enlightened Citizens

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew M. Busch
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Business Community ◽  
Minority Communities ◽  
Public Open Space ◽  
White Middle Class ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The City

This chapter looks at the nascent environmental movement in Austin in the 1960s and 1970s. It argues that, while early environmentalists achieved many victories and set the tone for later environmental issues in Austin, they also demonstrated a lack of understanding of minority issues and sometimes directly undermined minority communities. Environmentalists fought the business community and worked to maintain public open space, beautify the city, and stave off undesirable development. They sponsored a public planning initiative, Austin Tomorrow, which gave citizens a greater voice in planning Austin’s growth. But their plans often imagined minority places as sites of white middle class leisure. They also failed to incorporate minorities into Austin Tomorrow.

‘The Most Revolutionary Thing’

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alistair Fair
Keyword(s):  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
End Stage ◽  
Made In

This chapter discusses the survival of the traditional proscenium arch stage and the ways in which it was rethought. A significant number of Britain’s new civic and repertory theatres of the 1960s and 1970s had, if not a full proscenium arch stage, then at least an open end stage which could be equipped with a proscenium arch for particular productions. The discussion begins with the arguments that were made in favour of this kind of stage before examining how it was rethought in practice, focusing first on the proscenium arch itself before turning to the auditorium. Key examples discussed include the Belgrade Theatre in Coventry, Nottingham Playhouse, the Haymarket in Leicester, the Mercury in Colchester, the Barbican in London, and the Thorndike, Leatherhead. Among the themes discussed are the extent to which auditoria were understood to be ‘functional’ spaces and the desirability of a festive atmosphere in the auditorium.

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