GENERATIONAL CHANGES IN RACIAL INEQUALITY IN OCCUPATIONAL ATTAINMENT, 1950–2010

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franklin D. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Generation X ◽  
White Women ◽  
Baby Boom ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Occupational Attainment ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Baby Boom Generation ◽  
Blacks And Whites

AbstractThis paper analyzes age and cohort changes in the occupational attainment of Blacks and Whites born in successive decades from 1910 to 1979. Occupational attainment is operationalized as “occupational returns to education” and “earnings returns to occupation.” The primary objective is to determine whether the relative occupational attainment of Blacks of the baby-boom generation and Generation X improved over that of their great-grandparents, grandparents, and parents. The results indicate that Blacks and Whites, and men and women improved their occupational attainment levels over those of previous birth cohorts. However, neither Black men of the baby-boom generation nor those of Generation X improved their occupational attainment relative to White men of the same age and born in the same decade. Moreover, on a per capita basis, Black men’s occupational status declined for the most recent birth cohorts due in large part to joblessness starting with members of the 1940 birth cohort, which increased progressively with each successive birth cohort. On the other hand, Black women seem to have improved their occupational status relative to White women, but the improvements fluctuated over the decades. These findings are discussed in relation to possible causes and limitations of this analysis.

The World Is Going to Hell, the Young No Longer Respect Their Elders, and Other Tricks of the Mind

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 366-371
Author(s):  
Piers Steel ◽  
John Kammeyer-Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Generation X ◽  
First Principles ◽  
Baby Boom ◽  
Baby Boom Generation ◽  
Poor Predictor ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Genetic Contributions ◽  
Ingroup Outgroup

The notion of a “Millennial” generation, much like a “Generation X” or the “Baby Boom” generation, with a strong coherence in terms of values and norms that differ from previous cohorts, has been of dependable interest in the popular press. However, given what we know regarding the proportion of trait expression due to sources largely immune to cohort effects (e.g., large genetic contributions), how difficult it is for us to systematically influence their expression (e.g., small long-term parental effects), and the massive variation within groups, the meta-analytic work of Costanza, Fraser, Badger, Severt, and Gade (2012) underscores what should already be known from first principles; generation or cohorts are inevitably a poor predictor of anything. The literature on ingroup/outgroup bias (Hogg & Abrams, 1990), stereotype formation (Mackie, Hamilton, Susskind, & Rosselli, 1996), and reconstructive memory issues (Schacter, 1999) provides ample underlying evidence for how these generational overgeneralizations form.

The third age: class, cohort or generation?

2002 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRIS GILLEARD ◽  
PAUL HIGGS
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
Baby Boom ◽  
Working Life ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
World War ◽  
Third Age ◽  
Baby Boom Generation ◽  
The Third

In this paper we consider some of the ways that the third age can be thought about and studied. Taking the work of Peter Laslett as our key source, we explore his ‘aspirational’ approach toward redefining post-working life and look at some of its limitations as both definition and explanation. There is a need for a more sociologically informed approach to the third age, and we outline three potentially important structures that might better explain it – class, birth cohort, and generation. Whilst it might seem attractive to see the third age as a class-determined status, based on the material and social advantages accruing to people who have retired from well-paid positions in society, the historical period in which the third age has emerged makes this explanation less than adequate. Equally a cohort-based explanation, locating the third age in the ‘ageing’ of the birth cohort known as the baby boom generation, fails fully to capture the pervasiveness and irreversibility of the cultural change that has shaped not just one but a sequence of cohorts beginning with those born in the years just before World War II. Instead, we argue for a generational framework in understanding the third age, drawing upon Mannheim rather than Marx as the more promising guide in this area.

scholarly journals Patterns of opioid use (codeine, morphine or meperidine) in the Canadian population over time: analysis of the Longitudinal National Population Health Survey 1994–2011

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. e029613
Author(s):  
Mayilee Canizares ◽  
J Denise Power ◽  
Y Raja Rampersaud ◽  
Elizabeth M Badley
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Generation X ◽  
Baby Boom ◽  
National Population Health Survey ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
World War ◽  
Cohort Differences ◽  
Period Effects ◽  
Over Time

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate cohort effects in selected opioids use and determine whether cohort differences were associated with changes in risk factors for use over time.DesignThis study presents secondary analyses of a longitudinal survey panel of the general population that collected data biannually.SettingData from the Canadian Longitudinal National Population Health Survey 1994–2011.PopulationThis study included 12 542 participants from the following birth cohorts: post-World War I (born 1915–1924), pre-World War II (born 1925–1934), World War II (born 1935–1944), Older Baby Boom (born 1945–1954), Younger Baby Boom (born 1955–1964), Older Generation X (born 1965–1974) and Younger Generation X (born 1975–1984).Main outcomeResponses to a single question asking about the use of codeine, morphine or meperidine in the past month (yes/no) were examined.ResultsOver and above age and period effects, there were significant cohort differences in selected opioids use: each succeeding recent cohort had greater use than their predecessors (eg, Gen Xers had greater use than younger baby boomers). Selected opioids use increased significantly from 1994 to 2002, plateauing between 2002 and 2006 and then declining until 2011. After accounting for cohort and period effects, there was a decline in use of these opioids with increasing age. Although pain was significantly associated with greater selected opioids use (OR=3.63, 95% CI 3.39 to 3.94), pain did not explain cohort differences. Cohort and period effects were no longer significant after adjusting for the number of chronic conditions. Cohort differences in selected opioids use mirrored cohort differences in multimorbidity. Use of these opioids was significantly associated with taking antidepressants or tranquillisers (OR=2.52, 95% CI 2.27 to 2.81 and OR=1.60, 95% CI 1.46 to 1.75, respectively).ConclusionsThe findings underscore the need to consider multimorbidity including possible psychological disorders and associated medications when prescribing opioids (codeine, morphine, meperidine), particularly for recent birth cohorts. Continued efforts to monitor prescription patterns and develop specific opioid use guidelines for multimorbidity appear warranted.

Breast Cancer Trends Among Black and White Women in the United States

2005 ◽  
Vol 23 (31) ◽  
pp. 7836-7841 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismail Jatoi ◽  
William F. Anderson ◽  
Sowmya R. Rao ◽  
Susan S. Devesa
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
White Women ◽  
Breast Cancer Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Calendar Period ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Medical Interventions ◽  
Incidence Data ◽  
Blacks And Whites

Purpose Overall US breast cancer mortality rates are higher among black women than white women, and the disparity is widening. To investigate this disparity, we examined incidence data and changes in mortality trends according to age, year of death (calendar period), and date of birth (birth cohort). Calendar period mortality trends reflect the effects of new medical interventions, whereas birth cohort mortality trends reflect alterations in risk factors. Patients and Methods Incidence data were obtained from the Connecticut and National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registries and mortality data were obtained from the National Center for Health Statistics. Changes in age, period, and cohort mortality trends were analyzed with Poisson regression. Results For both races, breast cancer incidence rates for localized and regional disease diverged in the late 1970s. Almost concurrently, overall mortality rates diverged among blacks and whites. For both races, mortality increases with age, but blacks have higher mortality at age younger than 57. The calendar period curves revealed declining mortality for whites over the entire study period. For blacks, calendar period mortality declined until the late 1970s, and then sharply increased. After 1994, calendar period mortality declined for both. For women born between 1872 and 1950, trends in mortality were similar for blacks and whites. For women born after 1950, mortality decreased more rapidly for blacks. Conclusion The widening racial disparity in breast cancer mortality seems attributable to calendar period rather than birth cohort effects. Thus, differences in response or access to newer medical interventions may largely account for these trends.

scholarly journals Communication gap between analogue parents and digital children

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 1055-1077
Author(s):  
Marija Boranijašević
Keyword(s):  
Generation X ◽  
Baby Boom ◽  
Communication Practice ◽  
Baby Boom Generation ◽  
Generation Z ◽  
Digital Generation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Communication Gap ◽  
Communication Habits ◽  
Mutual Communication

The conducted research is aimed at determining whether there are any differences, and to what extent, in communication practice between parents and their children today. The subject of the research refers to communication habits of parents and their children, as well as their mutual communication. The task is to determine whether the parents belonging to Generation X and Baby Boom Generation, characterized by the "analogue" approach to communication, and their children belonging to "digital" Generation Z, actually communicate in a different manner and generally belong to two groups: Digital Residents or Digital Visitors.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document