Long-term organic and conventional farming effects on nutrient density of oats

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Chiwo Omondi ◽  
Marisa Wagner ◽  
Atanu Mukherjee ◽  
Kristine Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Vitamin B1 ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Amino Acid Synthesis ◽  
Organic Systems ◽  
Nutrient Density

Abstract Declining nutrient densities of crops in the past 50–70 years have been attributed to unsound agricultural practices and plant breeding focus on yield rather than quality. Few studies have quantified the soil and nutritional quality of grains in organic and conventional farms and reported results are scarce and inconsistent. The Rodale Institute's Farming Systems Trial (FST) was established in 1981 to quantify the effects of long-term organic and conventional grain cropping systems and tillage practices. A 2014 study to quantify effects on the nutrient density of oat grains was integrated into three systems within the long-term trial: organic manure-based (MNR), organic legume-based (LEG), and conventional synthetic input-based (CNV), split between tilled (T) and no-till (NT) practices. Oat grains with hulls removed were analyzed for minerals (n = 24), vitamins (n = 24), amino acids (n = 24) and proteins (n = 24), while soil samples to a depth of 10 cm were analyzed for elemental minerals, and total carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S). Organic systems increased six out ten soil minerals whose concentrations were influenced by cropping systems: aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), calcium (Ca), barium (B) and strontium (Sr). All essential amino acids were greater in oat grains under LEG systems compared with other systems except lysine, histidine and methionine. Both LEG systems also increased 12 out of 13 non-essential amino acids in oat grains. Total oat N, C and S required for amino acid synthesis tended to be greater in organic systems. Soil N, C and S were highly correlated with total oat amino acids under organic systems compared to CNV. Organic LEG had significantly greater vitamin B1 than MNR and CNV. These results suggest that nutrient concentrations of oat grains were greater in organic systems compared to CNV systems, and the increase could be partially explained by the long-term soil management differences between the systems.

Understanding the Long-Term Weed Community Dynamics in Organic and Conventional Crop Rotations Using the Principal Response Curve Method

Weed Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilshan Benaragama ◽  
Julia L. Leeson ◽  
Steve J. Shirtliffe
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
High Input ◽  
Organic Systems ◽  
No Till ◽  
Principal Response Curve ◽  
Predominant Factor ◽  
Conventional Systems

AbstractWeeds have acquired evolutionary adaptations to the diverse crop and weed management strategies used in cropping systems. Therefore, changes in crop production practices such as conventional to organic systems, tillage-based to no-till systems, and diversity in crop rotations can result in differences in weed community composition that have management implications. A study was carried out to understand the weed community dynamics in a long-term alternative cropping systems study at Scott, SK, Canada. Long-term (18-yr) weed community composition data in wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) in ORG (organic), RED (reduced-input, no-till), and HIGH (high-input, conventional tillage) systems with three levels of crop rotation diversity, LOW (low diversity), DAG (diversified annual grains), and DAP (diversified annuals and perennials), were used to study the effect of different cropping systems and the effect of environment (random temporal effects) on residual weed community composition using the principal response curve (PRC) technique. The interaction between cropping systems and year-to-year random environmental changes was found to be the predominant factor causing fluctuations in weed community composition. Furthermore, the single most predominant factor influencing the weed composition was year-to-year random changes. Organic systems clearly differed from the two conventional systems in most years and had more diverse weed communities compared with the two conventional systems. The two conventional systems exhibited similar weed composition in most years. In this study, the use of the PRC method allowed capture of the real temporal dynamics reflected in the cropping systems by time interaction. This study further concludes that moving from a tillage-based, high-input conventional system to a no-till, reduced-input system did not cause significant changes in the weed community composition throughout the time period, but diversity in organic systems was high, probably due to increased occurrence of some difficult to control species.

scholarly journals Plasma Metabolic Signature and Abnormalities in HIV-Infected Individuals on Long-Term Successful Antiretroviral Therapy

Metabolites ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hemalatha Babu ◽  
Maike Sperk ◽  
Anoop T. Ambikan ◽  
Gladys Rachel ◽  
Vinod Kumar Viswanathan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Aromatic Amino Acids ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Metabolic Abnormalities ◽  
Plasma Proteomics

Targeted metabolomics studies reported metabolic abnormalities in both treated and untreated people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PLHIV). The present study aimed to understand the plasma metabolomic changes and predicted the risk of accelerated aging in PLHIV on long-term suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART) in a case-control study setting and its association with the plasma proteomics biomarkers of inflammation and neurological defects. Plasma samples were obtained from PLHIV on successful long-term ART for more than five years (n = 22) and matched HIV-negative healthy individuals (n = 22, HC herein). Untargeted metabolite profiling was carried out using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (UHPLC/MS/MS). Plasma proteomics profiling was performed using proximity extension assay targeting 184 plasma proteins. A total of 250 metabolites differed significantly (p < 0.05, q < 0.1) between PLHIV and HC. Plasma levels of several essential amino acids except for histidine, branched-chain amino acids, and aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan) were significantly lower in PLHIV compared to HC. Machine-learning prediction of metabolite changes indicated a higher risk of inflammatory and neurological diseases in PLHIV. Metabolic abnormalities were observed in amino-acid levels, energetics, and phospholipids and complex lipids, which may reflect known differences in lipoprotein levels in PLHIV that can resemble metabolic syndrome (MetS).

scholarly journals Soil fertility and crop yields in long-term organic and conventional cropping systems in Eastern Nebraska

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam E. Wortman ◽  
Tomie D. Galusha ◽  
Stephen C. Mason ◽  
Charles A. Francis
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Animal Manure ◽  
Conventional System ◽  
Organic System ◽  
Organic Systems ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Conventional Systems

AbstractOrganic agriculture aims to build soil quality and provide long-term benefits to people and the environment; however, organic practices may reduce crop yields. This long-term study near Mead, NE was conducted to determine differences in soil fertility and crop yields among conventional and organic cropping systems between 1996 and 2007. The conventional system (CR) consisted of corn (Zea maysL.) or sorghum (Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench)–soybean (Glycine max(L.) Merr.)–sorghum or corn–soybean, whereas the diversified conventional system (DIR) consisted of corn or sorghum–sorghum or corn–soybean–winter wheat (wheat,Triticum aestivumL.). The animal manure-based organic system (OAM) consisted of soybean–corn or sorghum–soybean–wheat, while the forage-based organic system (OFG) consisted of alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.)–alfalfa–corn or sorghum–wheat. Averaged across sampling years, soil organic matter content (OMC), P, pH, Ca, K, Mg and Zn in the top 15 cm of soil were greatest in the OAM system. However, by 2008 OMC was not different between the two organic systems despite almost two times greater carbon inputs in the OAM system. Corn, sorghum and soybean average annual yields were greatest in either of the two conventional systems (7.65, 6.36 and 2.60 Mg ha−1, respectively), whereas wheat yields were greatest in the OAM system (3.07 Mg ha−1). Relative to the mean of the conventional systems, corn yields were reduced by 13 and 33% in the OAM and OFG systems, respectively. Similarly, sorghum yields in the OAM and OFG systems were reduced by 16 and 27%, respectively. Soybean yields were 20% greater in the conventional systems compared with the OAM system. However, wheat yields were 10% greater in the OAM system compared with the conventional DIR system and 23% greater than yield in the OFG system. Alfalfa in the OFG system yielded an average of 7.41 Mg ha−1annually. Competitive yields of organic wheat and alfalfa along with the soil fertility benefits associated with animal manure and perennial forage suggest that aspects of the two organic systems be combined to maximize the productivity and sustainability of organic cropping systems.

scholarly journals Protein nutrition of the neonate

2000 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Reeds ◽  
Douglas G. Burrin ◽  
Teresa A. Davis ◽  
Marta L. Fiorotto ◽  
Barbara Stoll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Well Being ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Anabolic Response ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Tissue Protein Synthesis ◽  
General Aspects

The period of growth and development between birth and weaning is crucial for the long-term well-being of the organism. Protein deposition is very rapid, is achieved with a high nutritional efficiency, and is accompanied by marked differences in the growth rates of individual tissues and a series of maturational processes. These important aspects of development occur while the neonate is consuming a single and highly-specific food source, milk. Surprisingly, although there is a clear relationship between the nutrient density of milk and the growth rate of its recipient, this relationship does not apply to the overall amino acid composition of mixed milk proteins. Some amino acids, notably glycine and arginine, are supplied in milk in quantities that are much less than the needs of the neonate. The milk-fed neonate is therefore capable of carrying out a tightly-regulated transfer of N from amino acids in excess to those that are deficient. The rapid growth of the neonate is supported by a high rate of tissue protein synthesis. This process appears to be activated by the consumption of the first meals of colostrum. Recent research has identified that skeletal muscle and the brain are specifically responsive to an unidentified factor in colostrum. Following the initial anabolic response the rate of protein synthesis in some tissues, notably muscle, falls from birth to weaning. This decrease reflects a progressively smaller anabolic response to nutrient intake, which not only involves an overall fall in the capacity for protein synthesis, but also in responses to insulin and amino acids. The study of growth and protein metabolism, and their regulation in the neonate is not only important for pediatrics, but may provide important pointers to more general aspects of regulation that could be applied to the nutrition of the mature animal.

scholarly journals The ability of enterococci extracted from traditional Carpathian cheese bryndza to produce biologically active substances

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 15-19
Author(s):  
I. I. Kushnir ◽  
O. Y. Tsisaryk ◽  
S. H. Shalovylo ◽  
B. V. Gutyj ◽  
G. V. Kushnir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Essential Amino Acid ◽  
Vitamin B1 ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
B Vitamins ◽  
Biologically Active Substances ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Vitamin B3 ◽  
Active Substances

The article presents the results of determining the ability of enterococci extracted from traditional Carpathian cheese bryndza to produce biologically active substances, in particular, amino acids, B vitamins and cations (ammonium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium). It was found that the studied strains of enterococci in different quantities synthesized both essential and essential amino acids. Thus, the essential amino acid lysine was found in the cultivation of strains of E. durans SB18, E. durans SB20, in particular, its concentration was significantly increased by 15.6 and 10.4 %, respectively (P < 0.05) compared to the control. A probable increase in the essential amino acid histidine by 20 and 53.3 % (P < 0.05) was detected in the cultivation of only E. faecium SB12 and E. durans SB18. In addition, it was found a probable increase in threonine synthesis by enterococci E. durans SB6 and E. durans SB18, respectively – 33.3 and 39.6 % (P < 0.05). The replacement amino acid serine was able to synthesize strains of E. faecium SB12, E. durans SB18 and E. durans SB20, while its concentration increased by 40.0 (P < 0.001), 30.0 and 35.0 %, respectively < 0.01), and strains of E. durans, SB6, and E. durans SB18 synthesized glycine, the concentration of which increased by – 10.2 and 16.2 %, respectively (P < 0.01). In addition, it was found that the studied strains in small quantities synthesized B vitamins, or not synthesized at all. In all experimental samples the most vitamin B1 was detected, its concentration increased from 8.5 to 10.0 times (P < 0.001). Riboflavin was synthesized by three strains of enterococci – E. durans SB6, E. durans SB18, E. durans SB20, so the concentration of vitamin B2 probably increased, respectively, 4.1, 2.0 and 2.0 times (P < 0.05). Enterococci E. durans SB6, E. faecium SB12, E. durans SB18 and E. durans SB20 synthesized in significant quantities only vitamin B3, in particular, its concentration probably increased by 1.5, 1.5 (P < 0.05), respectively, 1.5 (P < 0.01) and 1.6 (P < 0.001) times, and vitamin B5 was produced by E. faecium SB12, E. durans SB18 and E. durans SB20, the concentration of nicotinic acid increased, respectively, 2.9 (P < 0.05), 8.4 and 9.5 (P < 0.001) times. Analysis of the macroelement composition of the supernatant of enterococci showed that strains of E. durans, SB6, E. faecium SB12, E. durans SB18 and E. durans SB20 are able to produce only Calcium, in particular, found a probable increase, respectively, in 1.8, 2.4, 1.6 and 1.4 times (P < 0.05).

scholarly journals EFFECT OF SUBSTITUTION OF SUGAR BY HIGH FRUCTOSE CORN SYRUP OF THE CONFITURE ON THE BASE OF PHYSALIS

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (32) ◽  
pp. 688-697
Author(s):  
Ravshanbek S. ALIBEKOV ◽  
Ainur B. KAIYPOVA ◽  
Klara A. URAZBAYEVA ◽  
Arsen E. ORTAYEV ◽  
Abdugani M. AZIMOV
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Vitamin B1 ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
High Fructose Corn Syrup ◽  
Vitamin B3 ◽  
Corn Syrup ◽  
High Fructose ◽  
Food And Beverage

Physalis contains all essential and non-essential amino acids, in the largest number of essential Lvaline and L-isoleucine, and as the interchangeable amino acids L-tyrosine. It also consists in polyphenols, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), carotenes (vitamin A), thiamine (vitamin B1), riboflavin (vitamin B2), niacin (vitamin B3) and macro- and microelements. High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) is a sweetener substituting for sucrose that contains 42–55% fructose with the remainder as glucose and is commonly used in many food and beverage products. It was discovered that the partial or full replacement of sugar by HFCS-55 has not significant influences for the organoleptic and physicochemical properties of the confitures on the base of Physalis. By increasing a ratio of HFCS volume instead of sugar, the mass fraction of soluble solids, titratable acidity, and ash content decrease in the acceptable values. The comparative analysis of the macro- and microelements contents of the confiture samples showed the presence of essential minerals, such as sodium, magnesium, silicon, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and others. The HFCS-55 can be substituted of sugar in the production of confiture on the base of Physalis with equal food chemical quality characteristics and nutritional values.

scholarly journals Energy Availability Determines Strategy of Microbial Amino Acid Synthesis in Volatile Fatty Acid–Fed Anaerobic Methanogenic Chemostats

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Yao ◽  
Yan Zeng ◽  
Miaoxiao Wang ◽  
Yue-Qin Tang
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Public Goods ◽  
Functional Group ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Microbial Evolution ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Amino Acid Synthesis

In natural communities, microbes exchange a variety of metabolites (public goods) with each other, which drives the evolution of auxotroph and shapes interdependent patterns at community-level. However, factors that determine the strategy of public goods synthesis for a given community member still remains to be elucidated. In anaerobic methanogenic communities, energy availability of different community members is largely varied. We hypothesized that this uneven energy availability contributed to the heterogeneity of public goods synthesis ability among the members in these communities. We tested this hypothesis by analyzing the synthetic strategy of amino acids of the bacterial and archaeal members involved in four previously enriched anaerobic methanogenic communities residing in thermophilic chemostats. Our analyses indicate that most of the members in the communities did not possess ability to synthesize all the essential amino acids, suggesting they exchanged these essential public goods to establish interdependent patterns for survival. Importantly, we found that the amino acid synthesis ability of a functional group was largely determined by how much energy it could obtain from its metabolism in the given environmental condition. Moreover, members within a functional group also possessed different amino acid synthesis abilities, which are related to their features of energy metabolism. Our study reveals that energy availability is a key driver of microbial evolution in presence of metabolic specialization at community level and suggests the feasibility of managing anaerobic methanogenic communities for better performance through controlling the metabolic interactions involved.

Hour-to-hour variation in amino acid arterio-venous concentration differences across the lactating goat mammary gland

1974 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. B. Mepham ◽  
J. L. Linzell
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Arterial Infusion ◽  
Amino Acid Synthesis ◽  
Lactating Goats ◽  
Arterial Concentration ◽  
Infusion Technique

SummaryArterio-venous (AV) blood plasma concentration differences of amino acids across the mammary glands of 2 lactating goats were measured at intervals throughout a day. One gland of each animal had been transplanted to the neck for experimental purposes. The variation throughout the day in arterial concentration of all amino acids was similar. The variation in AV differences was slight for most essential amino acids, greater for glutamic acid and proline and very marked for aspartic acid, alanine, glycine and citrulline. There was no statistical difference between the AV difference of any amino acid measured simultaneously across the 2 glands of either goat. The arterial concentrations of certain pairs of amino acids were significantly correlated. The implications of the results for estimation of rates of amino-acid synthesis in the mammary gland using the intra-arterial infusion technique are discussed.

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