scholarly journals Contributions to the study of the Muisca calendar

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (S278) ◽  
pp. 106-117
Author(s):  
Manuel Arturo Izquierdo
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Intermediate Area ◽  
Long Time

AbstractThe aim of this work is to review and expand upon the model proposed by Father José Domingo Duquesne de la Madrid (1745–1821) regarding the calendar of the pre-Columbian Muisca culture of central Colombia. This model was dismissed by scholars in the late 19th century when it was called just a simple invention of a clergyman; however, a detailed analysis shows that his interpretation of the calendar was based on genuine ethnographic information. According to Duquesne, this calendar was based on a series of moons whose multiples are 5, 20 and 37. These multiples generate time series that can be comparable to our years (37 moons), centuries (740 moons, or 59.8 years) and millennia (14800 moons or 1196 years). According to the information provided, these long time spans can be tracked up to a period of 74000 moons (5978 years). The work of Duquesne provides us some clues about the state of timekeeping traditions in pre-Columbian societies of the Intermediate Area.

The Archive as a “Collective Project”

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 529-533
Author(s):  
Nilay Özok-Gündoğan
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
State Government ◽  
State Power ◽  
The State ◽  
Modern State ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Governmental Body ◽  
National Memory ◽  
History Of ◽  
A Site

The history of the archive is the history of the state. Or so say conventional approaches to the archives. Until recently, the archive has been seen solely as a site, or rather a repository, of modern state power and governmentality, and a crucial medium for the making and preservation of national memory in the late 19th century. There is a truth to this state-centric perspective: the archive was conceived as a place where governments keep their records; they usually contain a term such as “state,” “government,” or “national” in their names; and they are often funded by and connected to a governmental body.

The Will

2021 ◽  
pp. 194-207
Author(s):  
Mattia Riccardi
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
The Will ◽  
Detailed Interpretation ◽  
Good And Evil

This chapter shows that Nietzsche’s model of the will is largely indebted to that worked out by the late 19th-century French psychologist Théodule Ribot. Both Nietzsche and Ribot see the will as resulting from the hierarchical coordination of affective states and behavioural inclinations. The chapter also includes a detailed interpretation of aphorism 19 of Beyond Good and Evil (where Nietzsche puts forward his most detailed analysis of volition) and of other late passages, arguing that he sees the act of willing as determined by command-obedience relations among the drives and that he views volitional phenomenology as a partially illusory accompanying phenomenon.

scholarly journals Religious Policy in Late Imperial Russia: State and Orthodox Church in the Buryat Spiritual Space

2020 ◽  
pp. 1056-1064
Author(s):  
Darima D. Amogolonova
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Russian Population ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Religious Policy ◽  
Late Imperial ◽  
Imperial Russia ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The Government

The paper analyses the situation that took the most expressed forms since the late 19th century and reflected strengthening criticism from the Orthodox Church against both the Buddhist clergy and the Russian state. The contradictions between the state and the Orthodox policies were caused by differences in principles, since when giving Buddhism some legitimacy the government was guided by the interests of Russia in the east of the Empire, while the Orthodox Church saw its task in suppressing the influence of the Buddhist clergy through the soonest religious and ideological homogenisation of Buryats with the ethnic Russian population

scholarly journals Mačiulis, D., & Staliūnas, D., "Vilnius – Lietuvos sostinė: problema tautinės valstybės projekte (XIX a. pabaiga – 1940 m.)", Vilnius: Lietuvos istorijos instituto leidykla, 2015. Santrauka angl. – Bibliogr., s. 297–315, ir išnašose. – Asmenvardžių rodyklė: s. 319–322. Tiražas: 400 egz. ISBN 978-9955-847-97-7

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 331-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Kasner
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
National State ◽  
National Project

Mačiulis, D., & Staliūnas, D., Vilnius – Lietuvos sostinė: problema tautinės valstybės projekte (XIX a. pabaiga – 1940 m.) [Vilnius – The capital of Lithuania: A problem in the project of the national state (late 19th century – 1940)], Vilnius: Lietuvos istorijos instituto leidykla, 2015. Santrauka angl. – Bibliogr., s. 297–315, ir išnašose. – Asmenvardžių rodyklė: s. 319–322. Tiražas: 400 egz. ISBN 978-9955-847-97-7This paper is a review of the latest research work of two Lithuanian historians, Dangiras Mačiulis and Darius Staliūnas (Lithuanian Institute of History, Vilnius), entitled “Vilnius - the capital of Lithuania: A problem in the project of the national state (late 19th century – 1940)”. The authors in their work analyse the emergence, evolution and implementation of the idea of Vilnius as the capital of modern Lithuanian state at the turn of the 20th century until 1940. The monograph is based on valuable material from the archives, bibliographic sources and interesting iconography. With particular regard to the Lithuanian national project, describing and explaining the strategies of the symbolic appropriation of Vilnius and the question of Vilnius’ Lithuanisation, Mačiulis and Staliūnas first of all focus on the Lithuanian case in as much detail as possible. Here in the reviewed work we do not find such detailed analysis of Polish, Jewish, Belarusian or Russian attitudes towards the Vilnius question. Of course this does not detract from the importance of this inspiring book which is as a valuable academic publication and useful source for further research. Mačiulis, D., & Staliūnas, D., Vilnius – Lietuvos sostinė: problema tautinės valstybės projekte (XIX a. pabaiga – 1940 m.), Vilnius: Lietuvos istorijos instituto leidykla, 2015. Santrauka angl. – Bibliogr., s. 297–315, ir išnašose. – Asmenvardžių rodyklė: s. 319–322. Tiražas: 400 egz. ISBN 978-9955-847-97-7Poniższy artykuł jest recenzją najnowszej pracy autorstwa litewskich historyków z Instytutu Historii Litwy (Wilno): Dangirasa Mačiulisa i Dariusa Staliūnasa. Autorzy poddają w niej wnikliwej analizie ideę Wilna jako stolicy litewskiego państwa narodowego: jej narodziny, rozwój i masowe upowszechnienie w okresie od końca XIX w. do roku 1940. W monografii wykorzystano bogate materiały archiwalne, źródła bibliograficzne oraz interesującą ikonografię. D. Mačiulis i D. Staliūnas skoncentrowali się na jak najdokładniejszym opisie projektu litewskiego państwa narodowego, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem kwestii symbolicznego zawłaszczenia Wilna oraz procesu jego lituanizacji. Właśnie z tego powodu nie znajdziemy w omawianej pracy równie szczegółowej analizy stanowiska polskiego, żydowskiego, białoruskiego czy rosyjskiego. Oczywiście nie umniejsza to wartości tej interesującej i inspirującej książki, która jest cenną publikacją akademicką oraz użytecznym źródłem do prowadzenia dalszych badań naukowych.

scholarly journals Commercial sex and its consequences: historical excursion of the problem

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-110
Author(s):  
A. V. Zuyev ◽  
G. V. Zakharova ◽  
Ye. A. Kruk
Keyword(s):  
Sexually Transmitted Diseases ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Questionnaire Survey ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
The State ◽  
Commercial Sex ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Sexually Transmitted

Data on syphilis and sexually transmitted diseases (STD) in Tomsk starting from the late 19th century are presented. The state of medical inspection of prostitution and organization of hospitals for STD patients are reviewed in the historic aspect. Statistical data on the current situation with STD and results of questionnaire survey of sex workers in Tomsk are presented.

scholarly journals LANGUAGE IN KEDAH IN LATE 19TH CENTURY - LANGUAGE SITUATION IN A MALAY STATE IN LATE 19TH CENTURY

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-47
Author(s):  
Asmah Haji Omar
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Language Choice ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Late 19Th Century

This is a study of the language situation in Kedah in late 19th century based on a corpus letters of Sultan Abdul Hamid Shah of Kedah written during the period. In order to achieve a holistic picture of the linguistic situation of Kedah during that period, a two-pronged approach is applied. One is a description of the multilingual situation in Kedah. The other is the Sultan’s own language choice as an individual and in carrying out his duty as ruler of the state.

scholarly journals Toward ideational collective action: The notions of common good and of the state in late 19th century social liberalism

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-383
Author(s):  
Bojan Vranic
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Common Good ◽  
The State ◽  
Socially Responsible ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
State And Society ◽  
Social Liberalism ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Welfare State

The aim of this paper is to analyze notions of common good and of the state in late 19th century British social liberalism and their relation to collective action of the citizens. The author shows that British social liberals argued for a type of state that uses top down strategy to encourage collective action in order to transform individuals into a socially responsible groups, i.e. good citizens. The paper focuses on philosophical works of F. H. Bradley, ethics of T. H. Green and political philosophy of B. Bosanquet, analyzing their efforts to reconceptualize ideas of classical liberalism and utilitarian doctrine of the individual, society and the state in light of emerging influence of leftist social movements. The author argues that the works of British social liberals are a foundation of the state and society which will dominate liberalism in the second half of 20th century, i.e. the idea of the welfare state.

scholarly journals Some gifts of the 13th Dalai Lama to Nicholas II in the collection of the State Hermitage

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 406-418
Author(s):  
Yu. I. Elikhina
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
The State ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Dalai Lama ◽  
Art Objects ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
State Archives ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The 19Th Century

The Tibetan collection of the State Hermitage contains some of the gifts of the 13th Dalai Lama to the Russian Emperor Nicholas II. The State Archives of the Russian Federation has a document titled “A copy of the list of Tibetan gifts sent to the Winter Palace”. It consists of two lists, the first list describes 14 items, the second - 9. Almost all of these gifts were in the private rooms of Nicholas II in the Winter Palace. Of course, not all things have survived to this day. Number 1 in the first list is the chakra (wheel of teaching), the sign of the king offered to the Tibetan rulers upon accession to the throne, as a sign of goodwill (Inventory No. KO-884, Tibet, late 19th century); number 4 is a silver teapot, partially gilded (Inventory No. KO-896, Tibet, end of the 19th century); number 5 - men’s turquoise hoop earring; at number 9 - a gold reliquary gau (Tib. Ga'u), decorated with turquoise, such were worn and are worn by Tibetan women on the chest; at number 10 - women’s gold earrings decorated with turquoise. Earrings and a reliquary after the organization of the Oriental Department and the redistribution of exhibits were included in the collection of art objects of Central Asia. From the second list, presumably, there is a sculpture of Buddha Shakyamuni in the Hermitage collection. It is quite possible that enamel objects and some others have also been preserved in different collections of the Oriental Department. In addition, the collection contains two pencil portraits of the 13th Dalai Lama, painted by the Russian artist N. Ya. Kozhevnikov in 1905 in Urga (present-day Ulan Bator). The Dalai Lama was hiding in Mongolia during the British expansion into Tibet in 1903-1904. Thus, some of the gifts of the 13th Dalai Lama are presented in the Tibetan collection of the Hermitage. Some of them are masterpieces, such as the silver chakra, others are very typical ethnographic objects.

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