Intake, digestibility and microbial-N synthesis in Creole goats fed grass/forage tree silage

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 139-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Sol ◽  
FJ Solorio-Sanchéz ◽  
CA Sandoval-Castro
Keyword(s):  
Present Experiment ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Supplementary Feed ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Microbial N ◽  
Feeding Systems

Forage trees are commonly used in the tropics as supplementary feed for ruminants. However, during the dry season where grass is of poor quality, many trees also shed their leaves and are no longer available. Adequate strategies are to be evaluated to allow forage trees to be introduced into feeding systems as good quality supplements along the year. Silage might be an adequate technology if the resultant product allow similar animal performance as those achieved using commercial concentrate as supplement, but few studies have been conducted with forage tree silages. The objective of the present experiment was to evaluate intake, digestibility and microbial-N synthesis of diets supplemented with grains or forage tree silage.

Milk yield in Creole goats fed grass/forage tree silage

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 140-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Sol ◽  
FJ Solorio-Sanchéz ◽  
CA Sandoval-Castro
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Present Experiment ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Quality Of Milk

In tropical smallholding, goats are a common source of milk either for sale of self-consumption. Concentrates are commonly use to support milk production during the dry season where many trees shed their leaves and are no longer available for feeding. Silage making might be an adequate technology for using forage trees as quality supplements along the year. Few studies have been conducted with forage tree silages to evaluate the resultant animal performance especially regarding milk production. The objective of the present experiment was to evaluate milk production and quality of milk of goats fed grass and supplemented with grains or forage tree silage.

Rising ecosystem water demand exacerbates the lengthening of tropical dry seasons

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Xu ◽  
Xu Lian ◽  
Ingrid Slette ◽  
Hui Yang ◽  
Yuan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Factor Governing

Abstract The timing and length of the dry season is a key factor governing ecosystem productivity and the carbon cycle of the tropics. Mounting evidence has suggested a lengthening of the dry season with ongoing climate change. However, this conclusion is largely based on changes in precipitation (P) compared to its long-term average (P ̅) and lacks consideration of the simultaneous changes in ecosystem water demand (measured by potential evapotranspiration, Ep, or actual evapotranspiration, E). Using several long-term (1979-2018) observational datasets, we compared changes in tropical dry season length (DSL) and timing (dry season arrival, DSA, and dry season end, DSE) among three common metrics used to define the dry season: P < P ̅, P < Ep, and P < E. We found that all three definitions show that dry seasons have lengthened in much of the tropics since 1979. Among the three definitions, P < E estimates the largest fraction (49.0%) of tropical land area likely experiencing longer dry seasons, followed by P < Ep (41.4%) and P < P ̅ (34.4%). The largest differences in multi-year mean DSL (> 120 days) among the three definitions occurred in the most arid and the most humid regions of the tropics. All definitions and datasets consistently showed longer dry seasons in southern Amazon (due to delayed DSE) and central Africa (due to both earlier DSA and delayed DSE). However, definitions that account for changing water demand estimated longer DSL extension over those two regions. These results indicate that warming-enhanced evapotranspiration exacerbates dry season lengthening and ecosystem water deficit. Thus, it is necessity to account for the evolving water demand of tropical ecosystems when characterizing changes in seasonal dry periods and ecosystem water deficits in an increasingly warmer and drier climate.

scholarly journals Efficiency of pasture and supplement management in high producing dairy herds

2003 ◽  
pp. 105-110
Author(s):  
P.V. Salles ◽  
J. Hodgson ◽  
P.N.P. Matthews ◽  
C.W. Holmes ◽  
N.M. Shadbolt
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Feeding Management ◽  
Dairy Systems ◽  
Supplementary Feed

In 1998 a three-year dairy farm monitoring programme funded by AGMARDT (Agricultural Marketing and Research Development Trust) was established on twelve dairy farms in the southern North Island of New Zealand where policy had changed from a focus on high production per ha through high stocking rate to a management based on reduced stocking rate and strategic use of supplements to enhance both production per cow and per ha. The project involved a detailed three-year data collection which included measurements of the quantity and composition of pasture and supplements consumed as well as animal performance. Analysis of the results of the third year (2000/2001) on nine of these farms with complete data sets identified a range of metabolisable energy (ME) intake (50669 - 70135 MJ ME/cow/yr). Supplementary feed represented on average 24% (21 - 27 %) of the total intake of ME, the main supplements being pasture silage (summer to winter), turnips (summer) and maize silage (autumn and winter) consumed by lactating cows, and grazing off by dry stock. There was a range of milksolids (MS) production per cow (372 - 424 kg/year) and per hectare (921 - 1264 kg/year). The average economic farm surplus per hectare of NZ$3077 (NZ$2425 - NZ$3867) for the case-study farms was approximately 43% higher than the top 25% farms in the Manawatu region. Mean values of return on assets for the case-study farms (12.9%) and top 25% farms in Manawatu (13.0%) were similar. Good pasture management based on controlled preand post-grazing herbage mass targets (mean 2650 and 1900 kg DM/ha, respectively), strategic use of supplementary feed to control pasture deficits, and moderate stocking rates (overall mean 2.7 cows/ha), provided high allowances of high quality herbage (organic matter digestibility ranging from 742 to 845 g/kg DM) and maintained high levels of milk production (411 kg MS/cow and 1100kg MS/ha). The comparison with industry data showed that the casestudy farms were highly productive and profitable dairy systems, at least under the conditions of the 2000/2001 season. However, the result indicated the need to improve management skills to limit feed wastage under generous feeding management, and also the limitation of conventional procedures for monitoring pasture consumption in farming systems. Keywords: animal performance, dairy systems, energy intak e, herbage quality, pasture management, profitability

scholarly journals BUDI DAYA DAN ADAPTASI VARIETAS UNGGUL BARU PADI PADA LAHAN RAWA LEBAK SUMATERA SELATAN / Cultivation and Adaptation of New Superior Varieties Paady in Lebak Swampy Lands in South Sumatra

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Suparwoto Suparwoto ◽  
Waluyo Waluyo
Keyword(s):  
Poor Quality ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Stagnant Water ◽  
Local Varieties ◽  
Land Preparation ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Paddy Cultivation ◽  
Continuous Use ◽  
Planting Season ◽  
Water Overflow

<p>Lebak swampy lands are one of the contributors to rice production in Indonesia, especially in South Sumatra. This agroecosystem is affected by river water overflow and rainfall. Based on the height and duration of waterlogging, the lebak swampy land is divided into three typologies, namely shallow lebak swampy lands, middle swampy lands, and deep swampy lands. This paper discusses cultivation and adaptation of new superior varieties of rice on lebak swampy  lands. In this agroecosystem, rice is cultivated in the dry season after low tide, starting from shallow lebak swampy lands, then continuing to the middle lebak swampy lands and deep lebak swampy lands. Problems with rice cultivation on lebak swampy lands include: (1) stagnant water, (2) drought in the dry season, (3) continuous use of the same variety, (4) the use of poor quality seeds, (5) limited varieties superior, and (6) fertilizer use is not as recommended. Paddy cultivation in lebak swampy lands uses only local varieties such as Siputih which can be sown up to three times, so that the age of the seedlings can reach two months with high posture. Land preparation is carried out by cleaning weeds until they are ready for planting and using hand tractors in shallow and middle lebak swampy lands. The seed comes from its own multiplication (40 kg / ha). Ciherang and IR-42 varieties are used from season to planting season with fertilization according to the ability of farmers. Thus, the results obtained are low, ranging from 3.5-4.5 t / ha GKP. One way to improve rice productivity in lebak swampy lands is the use of new improved varieties. Inpara and Inpari varieties can grow and produce in shallow lebak swampy lands and middle lebak swampy lands. In shallow lebak swampy lands it is recommended to use drought tolerant varieties such as Situbagendit, Limboto, Batutegi, Inpago, Inpari-1, Inpari-4, Inpari-6, and Inpara-5. In deep lebak swampy lands, rice can only be cultivated once a year, using superior varieties in the long dry season. The recommended superior varieties are Inpara-3, Inpara-4, and Inpara-5 which are tolerant to soaking.</p><p>Key words: Paddy, lebak swampy lands, superior varieties, cultivation, adaptation</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Lahan rawa lebak merupakan salah satu agroekosistem penyumbang produksi beras di Indonesia, terutama di Sumatera Selatan. Agroekosistem ini dipengaruhi oleh luapan air sungai dan curah hujan. Berdasarkan tinggi dan lama genangan air, lahan rawa lebak dipilah menjadi tiga tipologi, yaitu lebak dangkal, lebak tengahan, dan lebak dalam. Makalah ini membahas budi daya dan adaptasi varietas unggul baru padi pada lahan rawa lebak. Pada agroekosistem ini padi dibudidayakan pada musim kemarau setelah air surut, dimulai dari lebak dangkal, kemudian dilanjutkan pada lebak tengahan dan lebak dalam. Permasalahan budi daya padi pada lahan rawa lebak antara lain: (1) genangan air, (2) kekeringan pada musim kemarau, (3) penggunaan varietas yang sama secara terus-menerus, (4) penggunaan benih tidak bermutu, (5) keterbatasan varietas unggul, dan (6) penggunaan pupuk tidak sesuai anjuran. Budi daya padi pada lahan lebak dalam hanya menggunakan varietas lokal seperti Siputih yang dapat disemai sampai tiga kali, sehingga umur bibit bisa mencapai dua bulan dengan postur yang tinggi. Penyiapan lahan dilakukan dengan cara pembersihan gulma sampai siap tanam dan menggunakan traktor tangan pada lebak dangkal dan lebak tengahan. Benih berasal dari perbanyakan sendiri  (40 kg/ha). Varietas Ciherang dan IR-42 digunakan dari musim ke musim tanam dengan pemupukan sesuai kemampuan petani. Dengan demikian, hasil yang diperoleh rendah, berkisar antara 3,5-4,5 t/ha GKP. Salah satu cara untuk memperbaiki produktivitas padi pada lahan lebak adalah penggunaan varietas unggul baru. Varietas Inpara dan Inpari dapat tumbuh dan berproduksi dengan baik pada lebak dangkal dan lebak tengahan. Pada lebak dangkal disarankan menggunakan varietas toleran kekeringan seperti Situbagendit, Limboto, Batutegi, Inpago, Inpari-1, Inpari-4, Inpari-6, dan Inpara-5. Pada lebak dalam, padi hanya dapat diusahakan satu kali dalam satu tahun, menggunakan varietas unggul pada musim kemarau panjang. Varietas unggul yang disarankan ialah Inpara-3, Inpara-4, dan Inpara-5 yang toleran rendaman.</p><p>Kata kunci: Padi, rawa lebak, varietas unggul, budi daya, adpatasi.</p>

scholarly journals The relation between the crude fibre content of food and the milk production.

1955 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-39
Author(s):  
P. Schoorl
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Fibre Content ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Crude Fibre Content

The Friesian cow in Indonesia gives about 1, 500 1. milk in about 240 days compared with 3, 800 1. in 300 days in the Netherlands. The author believes that the main reason for the low production in the tropics is not climate, but faulty feeding practices. A cow fed a typical Indonesian ration of reedy grass and fibrous concentrates gave 1, 003 1. milk in the first no days of her first lactation, but increased to 1, 870 1. in the first 102 days of her second lactation when given a diet containing much less crude fibre, in spite of the fact that the former lactation was in the wet and the latter in the dry season. G.F.S. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

A Comparison of Supplementary Feeding Systems for Twin Rearing Mule Ewes during Late Pregnancy and Early Lactation

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 ◽  
pp. 77-77
Author(s):  
B G Merrell ◽  
S P Marsh ◽  
B A Hedley
Keyword(s):  
Previous Experiment ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Supplementary Feeding ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Current Experiment ◽  
Cane Molasses ◽  
Feed Costs ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Feeding Systems

The results of a previous experiment showed that when the amount of compound feed fed to crossbred ewes during late pregnancy and early lactation was reduced, being replaced by feed-blocks, animal performance was maintained and that the cost of supplementary feeding was similar. In the same experiment, when compound was replaced totally by feed-blocks plus Scotmol® (a blend of molasses and pot ale syrup), feed costs were considerably reduced, but animal performance was not acceptable (Merrell and Marsh, 1994). In the current experiment done at ADAS Redesdale in 1994 the proportion of compound feed replaced by feed-blocks was increased compared with the previous experiment, in an attempt to reduce feed costs, and the feasibility of replacing part or all of the copmound with cane molasses and fishmeal was tested.

The Atmospheric Component of Biogeochemical Cycles in the Amazon Basin

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Artaxo
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Tropical Forests ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Trace Gases ◽  
Biogeochemical Cycles ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Earth System ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Tropics

Tropical forests, with their high biological activity, have the potential to emit large amounts of trace gases and aerosol particles to the atmosphere. The accelerated development and land clearing that is occurring in large areas of the Amazon basin suggest that anthropogenic effects on natural biogeochemical cycles are already occurring (Gash et al. 1996). The atmosphere plays a key role in this process. The tropics are the part of the globe with the most rapidly growing population, the most dramatic industrial expansion and the most rapid and pervasive change in land use and land cover. Also the tropics contain the largest standing stocks of terrestrial vegetation and have the highest rates of photosynthesis and respiration. It is likely that changes in tropical land use will have a profound impact on the global atmosphere (Andreae 1998, Andreae and Crutzen 1997). A significant fraction of nutrients are transported or dislocated through the atmosphere in the form of trace gases, aerosol particles, and rainwater (Keller et al. 1991). Also the global effects of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and other trace gases have in the forest ecosystems a key partner. The large emissions of isoprene, terpenes, and many other volatile organic compounds could impact carbon cycling and the production of secondary aerosol particles over the Amazon region. Vegetation is a natural source of many types of aerosol particles that play an important role in the radiation budget over large areas (Artaxo et al. 1998). There are 5 major reservoirs in the Earth system: atmosphere, biosphere (vegetation, animals), soils, hydrosphere (oceans, lakes, rivers, groundwater), and the lithosphere (Earth crust). Elemental cycles of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and other elements interact with the different reservoirs of the Earth system. The carbon cycle has important aspects in tropical forests due to the large amount of carbon stored in the tropical forests and the high rate of tropical deforestation (Jacob 1999). In Amazonia there are two very different atmospheric conditions: the wet season (mostly from November to June) and the dry season (July-October) (see Marengo and Nobre, this volume). Biomass burning emissions dominate completely the atmospheric concentrations over large areas of the Amazon basin during the dry season (Artaxo et al. 1988).

scholarly journals Forests as ‘sponges’ and ‘pumps’: Assessing the impact of deforestation on dry-season flows across the tropics

2019 ◽  
Vol 574 ◽  
pp. 946-963 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge L. Peña-Arancibia ◽  
L. Adrian Bruijnzeel ◽  
Mark Mulligan ◽  
Albert I.J.M. van Dijk
Keyword(s):  
Dry Season ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
The Impact

7.5 Urea and Poultry Manure as Protein Supplement to Low Grade Grass for Sheep in the Accra Plains

1982 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 151-153
Author(s):  
F. K. Fianu ◽  
R. K. G. Assoku
Keyword(s):  
Forest Type ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
West African ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Retarding Effect ◽  
The Tropics

The low protein content of dry season forage and its growth retarding effect on livestock has long been recognised as one of the main technical bottlenecks in ruminant livestock production in the tropics (Oyenuga, 1957; Lansbury, 1958; Rose-Innes, 1960). Such nutrient deficiency results in as much as 15% live-weight loss in grazing animals during the dry season, this delaying their maturity (Rose-Innes, 1960; Otchere, Dadzie, Erbynn and Abyebo, 1977). To help solve this problem, nitrogenous feedstuffs such as urea, poultry manure, groundnut cake and copra cake have been examined. Reported here is work on urea and poultry manure tested on West African Forest Type lambs at Legon, Ghana.

scholarly journals Seasonal Differences in Animal Welfare Assessment of Family Farming Dual-Purpose Cattle Raised under Tropical Conditions

Animals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
Adalinda Hernandez ◽  
Charlotte Berg ◽  
Rebecka Westin ◽  
Carlos Galina
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Family Farming ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Tropical Conditions ◽  
Dual Purpose Cattle ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Mexican Tropics

Conditions on farms in the tropics can differ greatly depending on the season of the year. Characteristics such as disease prevalence, climate and availability of resources may not be constant all year around; however an acceptable level of animal welfare must be maintained throughout the year. Since it is neither practical nor economically feasible to perform several assessments per year, the purpose of this study was to define whether there were animal welfare issues at farms that were affected by the season to identify which season would present a greater risk to animal welfare, using a risk-based approach. Forty-five dual-purpose family farms in the Mexican tropics were assessed via the Welfare Quality® protocol. During the rainy season, 2.2% of the farms were classified as excellent, 57.8% as enhanced, 31.1% as acceptable and 8.9% as unclassified. In the dry season, 31.1% were classified as excellent, 68.9% as enhanced and none of the farms were categorized as acceptable or unclassified. Consequently, the season which presented the greatest risk to animal welfare of dual-purpose cattle raised under tropical conditions was the rainy season. However, there were management-related differences observed between the two seasons and the dry season also had some animal welfare threats. The fact that farms scored higher during the dry season is possibly the result of farmer awareness, leading to modification of their systems to provide animals with the necessary inputs to meet their production needs. If these modifications were not fulfilled, then welfare conditions might have been jeopardized.

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