Milk allantoin excretion in relation to Fermentable Metabolisable Energy supply over a 26 to 33 kg/d range of milk yields in Holstein/Friesian dairy cows

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 90-90
Author(s):  
K.J. Shingfield ◽  
N.W. Offer
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Purine Derivative ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Total Urine ◽  
Protein Supply ◽  
On Farm

Widescale on-farm assessment of microbial protein supply by urinary purine derivative (PD) excretion in dairy cows is restricted by the necessity for a total urine collection. Evaluation of urinary creatinine (c) excretion as a marker of urinary output, indicated the use of spot urine sampling to be unreliable (Shingfield et al 1995a). Further investigations have indicated that, based on mean treatment measurements, milk allantoin excretion and concentration are closely correlated with fermentable metabolisable energy (FME) supply, over a narrow range of milk yields (Shingfield et al 1995b). The current experiment evaluates the potential of milk allantoin excretion and concentration as a index of microbial protein supply over a much wider range of milk yields.

Milk allantoin excretion in relation to Fermentable Metabolisable Energy supply over a 26 to 33 kg/d range of milk yields in Holstein/Friesian dairy cows

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 90-90
Author(s):  
K.J. Shingfield ◽  
N.W. Offer
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Purine Derivative ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Total Urine ◽  
Protein Supply ◽  
On Farm

Widescale on-farm assessment of microbial protein supply by urinary purine derivative (PD) excretion in dairy cows is restricted by the necessity for a total urine collection. Evaluation of urinary creatinine (c) excretion as a marker of urinary output, indicated the use of spot urine sampling to be unreliable (Shingfield et al 1995a). Further investigations have indicated that, based on mean treatment measurements, milk allantoin excretion and concentration are closely correlated with fermentable metabolisable energy (FME) supply, over a narrow range of milk yields (Shingfield et al 1995b). The current experiment evaluates the potential of milk allantoin excretion and concentration as a index of microbial protein supply over a much wider range of milk yields.

Evaluation of the spot urine sampling technique to assess urinary purine derivative excretion in lactating dairy cows

1998 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 557-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Shingfield ◽  
N. W. Offer
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Urine Collection ◽  
Purine Derivative ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Urine Sampling ◽  
Total Urine

AbstractThe potential of the spot urine sampling technique as an alternative to performing a total urine collection was evaluated. Twelve multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows were given two experimental diets in a complete change-over design using two 14-day experimental periods. Experimental diets were either silage offeredad libitumwith 7 kg fresh weight concentrate supplement as a single meal (SF), or a complete diet formulated from the same ingredients with a similar foragexoncentrate ratio (CD). Total urine collections were performed every 2 h on days 11 and 14 of each experimental period. Subsamples of urine were stored at 20°C and subsequently analysed by high-performace liquid chromatography. Daily allantoin and purine derivative (PD) excretion were highly correlated (r = 0·995, no. = 48,P< 0·001). PD and creatinine excretion during each 2-h interval depended on time of collection (PD,P< 0·001 and creatinine,P< 0·05) and on cow (P< 0·01) but were unaffected by sampling day or treatment. Diurnal variations in the molar ratio ofPD or allantoin to creatinine (PD/c and Ale, respectively) followed similar diurnal patterns as observed for PD and allantoin excretion. The data were used to assess the error of prediction of daily mean PD/c or Ale ratios. Three spot sampling regimens (based on the collection of four 4-h samples, three 8-h samples or two 12-h samples) and also on either single or 2-day urine collections were evaluated. Collection of multiple samples within a day was more reliable than collecting fewer samples over several days. Prediction errors were greater for SF compared with CD. Even the most intensive sampling regimen did not allow an acceptable prediction of daily mean PDIc or Ale ratio, minimum r values for PDIc and Ale ratios were 0·098, 0·136 and 0·547, 0·579 for SF and CD, respectively. Furthermore, daily mean PDIc and Ale ratios proved poor predictors of daily PD and allantoin excretion (r values of 0·69 and 0·72, respectively). Total urine collection appears necessary to assess accurately daily PD excretion in dairy cows.

Relationship between urinary purine derivative excretion and milk protein yield by dairy cows

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 ◽  
pp. 124-124
Author(s):  
R.J. Dewhurst ◽  
R.T. Evans ◽  
V.J. Theobald ◽  
M.A. Neville ◽  
S. Miles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Protein ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Purine Derivatives ◽  
Purine Derivative ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Food Research ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
The Uk ◽  
On Farm

The ability to predict microbial protein yield in any feeding situation is important in maximising the utilisation of feed nitrogen since it will guide decisions as to whether to take steps to improve rumen function or provide supplementary undegradable protein (UDP). The UK Metabolisable Protein (MP) system (Agricultural and Food Research Council, 1992) predicts the yield of microbial protein from the rumen according to the supply of Fermentable Metabolisable Energy (FME). This has led to an improved understanding of responses seen on farms, though there remains uncertainty about microbial protein yield. The excretion of purine derivatives (PD), allantoin and uric acid, in urine has been used as a non-invasive index of microbial protein flow to the duodenum (Chen et al, 1990) and might form the basis of an on-farm diagnostic test. In earlier work, with spot sampling of urine (Dewhurst et al, 1994), we have shown a relationship between milk protein yield and urinary PD excretion; the current work extended these studies by utilising 6-day total collections of urine.

Evaluation of milk allantoin excretion as an index of microbial protein supply in lactating dairy cows

1998 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Shingfield ◽  
N. W. Offer
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Purine Derivative ◽  
Protein Supply

AbstractThe potential of milk allantoin as an index ofmicrobial protein supply was evaluated in two experiments conducted with 12 multiparous Holstein-Friesian dairy cows that examined the effects of altering the supply of metabolizable energy (ME) and fermentable metabolizable energy (FME). In the first experiment, late lactation cows received a 14·3 kg dry matter (DM) per day basal diet consisting of (g/kg DM) chopped barley straw (415), soya-bean meal (322), molassed sugar-beet pulp (197), molasses (33), urea (17) and a vitamin and mineral supplement (17) for a 21-day co-variance period. During four 16-day periods, six treatments were allocated randomly to cows, consisting of potato starch (1, 2 or 3 kg DM per day) or fat supplements (0·64, 1·27 or 1·91 kg DM per day). In the second experiment, early lactation cows received 40 kg/day (fresh weight, (FW)) of silage (307 g/kg toluene-corrected dry matter, 149 g/kg DM crude protein and 11·6 MJ/kg ME). During three 21-day periods, four treatments were evaluated consisting of supplements of either 4·1 (LI) or 8·1 (12) kg fresh weight per day of a low fat concentrate (acid hydrolysis ether extract (AHEE) 45 g/kg DM) or 3·8 (HI) or 7·5 (H2) kg fresh weight per day of a high fat concentrate (AHEE 110 g/kg DM). Both experiments showed individual cow milk allantoin concentration or excretion to be poorly correlated with urinary purine derivative excretion or calculated microbial protein supply. Use of treatment mean (TM) values dramatically improved these relationships. For pooled TM (no. = 10) values from both experiments, close relationships existed between milk allantoin excretion and concentration with milk yield (r values 0·991 and 0·883, respectively). Auto-correlation with milk yield appeared to account for milk allantoin excretion and concentration being highly correlated with urinary purine derivative excretion (r values 0·908 and 0·934, respectively) and calculated microbial protein supply (r values 0·938 and 0·945, respectively). Current experimental data indicates that measurement of milk allantoin is not a reliable indicator of microbial protein supply for individual cows.

The use of regression techniques on calorimetric data to estimate the metabolisable energy requirements of lactating dairy cows

1997 ◽  
Vol 1997 ◽  
pp. 4-4
Author(s):  
T. Yan ◽  
F. J. Gordon ◽  
R. E. Agnew ◽  
M. G. Porter ◽  
D. C. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Gaseous Exchange ◽  
Calorimetric Data ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Regression Techniques ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

The metabolisable energy (ME) requirement for maintenance (MEm) can be determined by measuring the fasting metabolism of the non-lactating cow, but this approach cannot encompass any differences in maintenance metabolic rate between lactating and non-lactating animals. The MEm and efficiency of ME use for lactation (k1) can also be estimated by regression of energy outputs against ME intake (MEI). During 1992 to 1995, a total of 221 Holstein/Friesian lactating dairy cows, which were offered grass silage-based diets, were subjected to gaseous exchange measurements in indirect open-circuit respiration calorimeters. The objective of the present study was to use these data to predict the MEm and k1 by a range of regression techniques for lactating dairy cows offered grass silage-based diets.

Purine derivatives in spot urine samples and plasma of sheep: a possible index of microbial protein supply

1993 ◽  
Vol 1993 ◽  
pp. 5-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. B. Chen ◽  
Adriana T. Mejia ◽  
D. J. Kyle ◽  
E. R. Ørskov
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Purine Derivatives ◽  
Feeding Regime ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Alternative Index ◽  
Protein Supply

In ruminants, daily urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PD) reflects the absorption of microbial purines and can be used as an index of microbial protein supply (Chen, Ørskov and Hovell, 1991). The application could be extended to farm conditions if measurements based on spot urine samples or plasma could serve as an alternative index. The objective of this study was to examine whether PD concentrations in spot urine or plasma samples vary diurnally during a given feeding regime and if they reflect differences in daily PD excretion induced by varying feed intake.

The relative importance of energy and protein in the concentrate on intake and yield of milk constituents by freisland ewes offered hay ad-libitum

1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 ◽  
pp. 207-207
Author(s):  
R.G. Wilkinson ◽  
C.M. Minter ◽  
G. Duffy ◽  
J. Celerier
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Dairy Sheep ◽  
Total Response ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Forage Intake ◽  
Fat Yield ◽  
Protein Supply ◽  
To Receive

Increasing the level of concentrate fed to lactating ruminants reduces forage intake, but increases the yield of milk and milk constituents (Aston et al. 1991). However, the proportion of the total response due to additional metabolisable energy (ME) or crude protein supply (CP) is unclear. Recent work with dairy cows (Aston et al. 1992) suggests that additional ME or CP fed as concentrate reduced and slightly increased silage intake respectively. Additional CP had twice the effect on milk and three times the effect on protein yield than additional ME. However, ME and CP were equally important in determining fat yield. The objective of the trial was to investigate whether dairy sheep respond to additional ME or CP supply as concentrate in a similar way to dairy cows.Three concentrate diets were formulated to contain 13.0 MJ/kg DM ME and either 100 (A), 200 (B) or 400 (C) g/kg DM CP. After weaning (6 weeks), 24 mature Freisland ewes were housed individually, and allocated by liveweight and initial milk yield to receive concentrate DM at daily rates of 0.8 kg, providing 10.4 MJ/day ME and 160 (B) or 320 (C) g/day CP (LLP, LHP), or 1.6 kg, providing 20.8 MJ/day ME and 160 (A) or 320 (B) g/day CP (HLP, HHP). The trial lasted 8 weeks and was analysed as a 2 X 2 factorial design.

Variations in the urinary excretion of purine derivatives and creatinine in holstein/friesan dairy cattle

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 ◽  
pp. 18-18
Author(s):  
K.J. Shingfield ◽  
N.W. Offer ◽  
A.M. Sword
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Purine Derivatives ◽  
Urinary Creatinine ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Invasive Method ◽  
Total Urine ◽  
Suitable Index

The urinary excretion of purine derivatives has been proposed as a non-invasive method of estimating the outflow of rumen microbial protein. Wider application of this technique is hindered by the requirement for a total urine collection, but Chen et al. (1992) suggested the use of urinary Creatinine(C) concentration to account for changes in urine volume. The relative concentrations of Purine Derivatives (PD) and C in spot urine samples could be used as a suitable index of PD output. The following experiment assesses the validity of this approach in lactating Holstein/Friesan cattle.

Supplementation of barley straw with starch in sheep: Effect on microbial protein supply estimated from urinary purine derivative excretion

1993 ◽  
Vol 1993 ◽  
pp. 178-178
Author(s):  
M J. Gomes ◽  
X.B. Chen ◽  
FD.DeB. Hovell ◽  
D. Fickremariam ◽  
E.M. Nengomasha
Keyword(s):  
Barley Straw ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Purine Derivative ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Outflow Rate ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Fermentable Carbohydrates ◽  
Protein Supply

Utilization of cereal straws by ruminants is limited by low digestibility and intake. One solution is to supplement with rapidly fermentable carbohydrates (RFC), usually as starchy cereal grains. In restricted feeding experiments with roughages supplemented with RFC in the form of cereal grain concentrates, a slight increase in ruminal microbial protein (MP) synthetic efficiency has been observed with low, but a decline in efficiency at higher levels of supplementation (eg. Chen et al. 1992b). Huque (1991) noted that supplementation with low levels of starch improved straw intake and rumen digesta outflow rate. We have observed increased digesta flow rates to be associated with greater MP synthesis and yield per unit of digestible organic matter (DOM) (Chen et al. 1992a).

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