The relative importance of energy and protein in the concentrate on intake and yield of milk constituents by freisland ewes offered hay ad-libitum

Increasing the level of concentrate fed to lactating ruminants reduces forage intake, but increases the yield of milk and milk constituents (Aston et al. 1991). However, the proportion of the total response due to additional metabolisable energy (ME) or crude protein supply (CP) is unclear. Recent work with dairy cows (Aston et al. 1992) suggests that additional ME or CP fed as concentrate reduced and slightly increased silage intake respectively. Additional CP had twice the effect on milk and three times the effect on protein yield than additional ME. However, ME and CP were equally important in determining fat yield. The objective of the trial was to investigate whether dairy sheep respond to additional ME or CP supply as concentrate in a similar way to dairy cows.Three concentrate diets were formulated to contain 13.0 MJ/kg DM ME and either 100 (A), 200 (B) or 400 (C) g/kg DM CP. After weaning (6 weeks), 24 mature Freisland ewes were housed individually, and allocated by liveweight and initial milk yield to receive concentrate DM at daily rates of 0.8 kg, providing 10.4 MJ/day ME and 160 (B) or 320 (C) g/day CP (LLP, LHP), or 1.6 kg, providing 20.8 MJ/day ME and 160 (A) or 320 (B) g/day CP (HLP, HHP). The trial lasted 8 weeks and was analysed as a 2 X 2 factorial design.

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Supplementation of grazing dairy cows with a brewers grains/treated straw mixture

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) ◽

10.1017/s0308229600018274 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 1990 ◽

pp. 46-46 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J.D. Leaver ◽

R.C. Campling

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Barley Straw ◽

Severe Drought ◽

Grass Silage ◽

Metabolisable Energy ◽

Grazing Dairy Cows ◽

Similar Cost ◽

Friesian Cows

Supplementary feeding of grazing dairy cows is often uneconomic, and whilst supplementation with silage (buffer feeding) can be worthwhile, this often leads to a depletion of winter forage stores. In this study, a mixture of brewers grains and treated straw was used as a supplement. Offered as a 1:1 mixture in the dry matter (DM), it is a purchased substitute for grass silage, having a similar cost, and similar metabolisable energy (ME) and crude protein (CP) contents. The high seasonality adjustments to milk price in mid-late season make supplementation potentially worthwhile.Experiments were carried out from April to September in 1988 and 1989, which had moderate and very low rainfall respectively. Each year 20 British Friesian cows which calved December to March (1988 experiment) and February-April (1989) were allocated at random to either treatment B or C. In B, the cows were offered a 1:1 mixture (DM basis) of brewers grains and NaOH treated chopped barley straw for 60 minutes after morning milking. In C, the cows received no supplement. Both groups were fed 1.0 kg/day of concentrates in the milking parlour. Due to the severe drought in 1989, concentrate feeding was increased to 5.0 kg/day for all cows during the last 4 weeks of the experiment. Also, urea-treated whole crop wheat was fed at a level of 2.5 kg DM/day during the last 7 days.

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THE NUTRITIONAL BALANCE OF EARLY LACTATION DAIRY COWS GRAZING IN INTENSIVE SILVOPASTORAL SYSTEMS

Ciência Animal Brasileira ◽

10.1590/1089-6891v18e-40419 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 18 (0) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Elisa Sierra Montoya ◽

Julian David Chará ◽

Rolando Barahona-Rosales

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Negative Energy ◽

Protein Supplementation ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Early Lactation ◽

Tropical Conditions ◽

Forage Intake ◽

Daily Milk Yield ◽

To Receive ◽

Daily Milk

Abstract A study was carried out to estimate the balance of metabolizable protein (MP), metabolizable energy (ME), calcium, and phosphorus in 12 recently calved (RC) and early lactation (EL, 42 - 50 days after calving) Gyr x Holstein dairy cows grazing in a Leucaena leucocephala and Cynodon plectostachyus intensive silvopastoral system (ISS) and receiving energy and protein supplementation. Dry matter (DM) availability from the grazing paddocks, nutrients offered and their balance were estimated. On average, the available forage DM per animal.day-1 was 44.7 kg for C. plectostachyus and 11.8 kg for L. leucocephala. EL cows had greater requirements of MP, ME, and minerals than RC cows. In RC cows, ME, MP, and mineral requirements were supplied by the total diet, while EL cows exhibited a negative energy balance. For both RC and EL cows, ME was the limiting dietary factor, whereas MP and P were found to be in excess. If cows were only to receive ISS forages with no supplementation, estimated daily milk yield would be 10 and 12 litters for RC and EL cows, respectively. Under tropical conditions, based on ISS forage intake, RC and EL cows can meet most of their ME, MP, calcium, and phosphorous requirements.

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Effects of treatment with a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogue on follicle development in dairy cows fed one of two different diets

BSAP Occasional Publication ◽

10.1017/s0263967x00034108 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 451-455

Author(s):

E.C.L. Bleach ◽

C.L. Moore ◽

H.J. Zeale ◽

P.G. Knight

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Luteal Phase ◽

Cycle Length ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Oestrous Cycle ◽

Follicle Development ◽

Releasing Hormone ◽

Ovulatory Follicle ◽

Metabolisable Energy ◽

Phase Length

AbstractFollicle development occurs in two or three waves during the bovine oestrous cycle. Artificially extending the duration of ovulatory follicle dominance influences pregnancy rates in cattle, as does the interval from emergence to oestrus in dairy cows undergoing spontaneous oestrous cycles. The objectives of the presented study were to determine whether the interval from ovulatory follicle emergence to oestrus might be altered by diet and/or gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) treatment. Lactating primiparous Holstein/Friesian cows (n=21) were randomly allocated to one of two diets at calving (Diet 1, n=ll, DM 480 g/kg, metabolisable energy 12.0 MJ/kg DM crude protein 178 g/kg DM, oil B 48 g/kg DM, neutral detergent fibre 318 g/kg DM and diet 2, n=10, DM 440 g/kg, metabolisable energy 12.1 MJ/kg DM, crude protein 172 g/kg DM, oil B 40 g/kg DM, neutral detergent fibre 300 g/kg DM). From 10 days after observed oestrus (oestrus 1), ovarian follicular and luteal development was monitored by daily transrectal ultrasonography until the subsequent oestrus and ovulation. A GnRH analogue was injected (i.m.; 10 μg) 12 days after oestrus 1 in 6 cows fed diet 1 and 5 cows fed diet 2. Oestrous cycle length was longer (p<0.05) in control cows fed diet 1 than those fed diet 2. Treatment with GnRH increased (p<0.005) cycle length in cows fed diet 2 but not those fed diet 1. Increases in cycle length observed were associated with longer luteal phase length. Follicular phase length was reduced (p<0.05) by GnRH treatment in cows fed diet 1. Ovulatory follicles emerged later (p<0.05) in control cows fed diet 1 than those fed diet 2. GnRH treatment delayed (p<0.01) the emergence of the ovulatory follicle in cows fed diet 2, this delay was associated with an increase (p<0.05) in the incidence of 3 follicle waves in oestrous cycles following GnRH treatment. The interval from emergence of the ovulatory follicle to the subsequent oestrus was similar among the treatment groups. We conclude that treatment with GnRH during the mid-luteal phase may delay the emergence of the ovulatory follicle. However, the response is dependent on diet fed. Where ovulatory follicle emergence is delayed, the interval from emergence to the subsequent oestrus was unaffected since oestrous cycle length is extended.

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Effect of undegradable protein given for six weeks before calving on the performance of dairy cows in the subsequent lactation

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0308229600030555 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 1996 ◽

pp. 85-85 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R.J. Dewhurst ◽

D.W.R. Davies ◽

W.J. Fisher ◽

K. Aston

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Period ◽

Grass Silage ◽

Holstein Friesian ◽

Unrestricted Access ◽

Metabolisable Energy ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Friesian Cows

Previous studies (Moorby et al, 1994) have shown increased yields of protein and lactose in the subsequent lactation as a consequence of feeding additional undegradable dietary protein (UDP) and restricting energy intake during the dry period. This experiment was undertaken to investigate the effect of supplementary UDP in the dry period diet of Holstein-Friesian cows given unrestricted access to grass silage and 1.5 kg of barley per day.Sixty-one cows received diets based on ad libitum access to grass silage with either (a) 1.5 kg barley / day or (b) 1.0 kg barley and 0.5 kg Maize Gluten Meal / day. After calving, cows had ad libitum access to grass silage (Metabolisable Energy (ME)=11.3 MJ/kg DM; crude protein (CP)=181 g/kg DM) and received 5 kg/day of concentrates (ME=13.0 MJ/kg DM; CP=250g/kg DM).

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Milk allantoin excretion in relation to Fermentable Metabolisable Energy supply over a 26 to 33 kg/d range of milk yields in Holstein/Friesian dairy cows

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200592898 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 1996 ◽

pp. 90-90

Author(s):

K.J. Shingfield ◽

N.W. Offer

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Narrow Range ◽

Microbial Protein ◽

Purine Derivative ◽

Spot Urine ◽

Holstein Friesian ◽

Metabolisable Energy ◽

Total Urine ◽

Protein Supply ◽

On Farm

Widescale on-farm assessment of microbial protein supply by urinary purine derivative (PD) excretion in dairy cows is restricted by the necessity for a total urine collection. Evaluation of urinary creatinine (c) excretion as a marker of urinary output, indicated the use of spot urine sampling to be unreliable (Shingfield et al 1995a). Further investigations have indicated that, based on mean treatment measurements, milk allantoin excretion and concentration are closely correlated with fermentable metabolisable energy (FME) supply, over a narrow range of milk yields (Shingfield et al 1995b). The current experiment evaluates the potential of milk allantoin excretion and concentration as a index of microbial protein supply over a much wider range of milk yields.

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Early lactation responses to red clover or ryegrass silages offered to dairy cows during the dry period

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200007808 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 2002 ◽

pp. 124-124 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

G. Jaurena ◽

J. M. Moorby ◽

W. J. Fisher ◽

D. W. R. Davies

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Protein Concentration ◽

Red Clover ◽

Sole Source ◽

Early Lactation ◽

Dry Period ◽

Grass Silage ◽

True Protein ◽

Protein Supply

Energy and protein supply during the dry period can affect subsequent milk production and composition (Moorby et al., 1996). Grass silage is a common ingredient of dry cow diets, but although it is usually adequate in crude protein concentration (CP), a high proportion is frequently in non-protein forms. Red clover silage has shown interesting characteristics that would increase true protein supply to ruminants (Broderick et al., 2000), which could avoid the use of more expensive concentrate supplements. The objective of this experiment was to compare red clover and ryegrass silage when fed as the sole source of forage to dry cows with a diet comprising ryegrass silage and a protein supplement.

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The response of dairy cows given high levels of molasses to dietary levels of fermentable metabolisable energy

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) ◽

10.1017/s0308229600025903 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 1994 ◽

pp. 39-39

Author(s):

T. Yan ◽

D.J. Roberts

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Free Fatty Acids ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Energy Requirement ◽

Current Experiment ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Feed Ingredient ◽

Metabolisable Energy ◽

Crude Protein Level

Unprotected tallow is used as a feed ingredient to meet the energy requirement of high milking dairy cows, but its hydrolysed free fatty acids in the rumen can inhibit microbial activity and dietary fibre digestion. However, the negative effects of the tallow could be minimized when high levels of molasses are also fed since feeding molasses could shorten the retention time of the hydrolysed free fatty acids in the rumen. In addition, molasses contains a large proportion of non-structural carbohydrates (sugars) which have fast fermentation rates in the rumen. When a diet is formulated to have a low fermentable metabolisable energy (FME) concentration, supplementing with a high molasses level may partially make up the deficiency of the energy requirement of the microorganisms in the rumen of dairy cows. Previous experiments have showed that molasses could be fed to dairy cows up to 312 g/kg DM without adverse effect (Yan and Roberts, 1992) and a crude protein level at 160 g/kg DM in the diet containing 310 g/kg DM of molasses was satisfactory for feed intake and milk production of dairy cows (Yan and Roberts, 1993). The current experiment was subsequently undertaken to investigate the response of dairy cows given high levels of molasses to dietary levels of FME produced by altering unprotected tallow concentrations in diets.

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Effect of timing and level of protein supply on silage intake, feeding behaviour and milk yield of lactating dairy cattle

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200002325 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 1999 ◽

pp. 77-77

Author(s):

D L Romney ◽

V Blunn ◽

J D Leaver

Keyword(s):

Milk Yield ◽

Latin Square ◽

Protein Supplement ◽

Grass Silage ◽

Forage Intake ◽

Fat Yield ◽

Present Trial ◽

Protein Supply ◽

Lactating Dairy Cattle ◽

Stimulation Of

Previous studies have shown that the timing of supplement distribution and supplement type can have implications on forage intake and/or production. For example, Robinson et al. (1997) showed that feeding a protein supplement at 00.30 h compared with 08.30 h increased fat yield through stimulation of rumen fermentation. The objective of the present trial was to test the hypothesis “that supplying a protein supplement either before or after silage was offered would affect feeding pattern and silage intake”.Twelve multiparous cows, with average starting milk yield of 25.4 (s.d. 5.95) kg/day were allocated to one of six treatments in an incomplete Latin square with four periods of 21 days. Grass silage (219 g/kg DM, 151 g CP/kg DM) was fed ad libitum mixed with barley in the ratio 3:1 on a DM basis.

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The response by high genetic merit dairy cows to source and concentration of protein in the concentrate

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200595313 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 1997 ◽

pp. 90-90

Author(s):

I.M. Carrick ◽

D.C. Patterson ◽

F.J. Gordon

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dairy Herd ◽

Genetic Merit ◽

Grass Silage ◽

Holstein Friesian ◽

Ruminant Diets ◽

Feed Utilisation ◽

Metabolisable Energy ◽

Ad Libitum

Dairy cow genetic merit continues to increase in the dairy herd. These animals require a higher level of nutritional input than lower genetic merit cows if higher performance levels are to be sustained. The high cost of ingredients for ruminant diets highlights the need for greater precision in ration formulation in order to improve the efficiency of feed utilisation. This experiment was carried out to assess the effect of DUP supplementation on the performance of dairy cows with ad libitum access to grass silage.An experiment was conducted to investigate the response by high genetic merit Holstein Friesian dairy cows (PTA90 fat plus protein = 61 kg) to both source and concentration of protein in the concentrate, given in addition to ad libitum grass silage (metabolisable energy (ME) = 10.9 MJ/kg DM; crude protein (CP) = 166 g/kg DM). Twenty-four cows, including 12 first parity animals (mean days calved 37.5, s.d. 22.3), were blocked according to milk yield, calving date and parity. The experimental design was a balanced changeover with four 4-week periods.

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