Evaluation of milk allantoin excretion as an index of microbial protein supply in lactating dairy cows

1998 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Shingfield ◽  
N. W. Offer
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Purine Derivative ◽  
Protein Supply

AbstractThe potential of milk allantoin as an index ofmicrobial protein supply was evaluated in two experiments conducted with 12 multiparous Holstein-Friesian dairy cows that examined the effects of altering the supply of metabolizable energy (ME) and fermentable metabolizable energy (FME). In the first experiment, late lactation cows received a 14·3 kg dry matter (DM) per day basal diet consisting of (g/kg DM) chopped barley straw (415), soya-bean meal (322), molassed sugar-beet pulp (197), molasses (33), urea (17) and a vitamin and mineral supplement (17) for a 21-day co-variance period. During four 16-day periods, six treatments were allocated randomly to cows, consisting of potato starch (1, 2 or 3 kg DM per day) or fat supplements (0·64, 1·27 or 1·91 kg DM per day). In the second experiment, early lactation cows received 40 kg/day (fresh weight, (FW)) of silage (307 g/kg toluene-corrected dry matter, 149 g/kg DM crude protein and 11·6 MJ/kg ME). During three 21-day periods, four treatments were evaluated consisting of supplements of either 4·1 (LI) or 8·1 (12) kg fresh weight per day of a low fat concentrate (acid hydrolysis ether extract (AHEE) 45 g/kg DM) or 3·8 (HI) or 7·5 (H2) kg fresh weight per day of a high fat concentrate (AHEE 110 g/kg DM). Both experiments showed individual cow milk allantoin concentration or excretion to be poorly correlated with urinary purine derivative excretion or calculated microbial protein supply. Use of treatment mean (TM) values dramatically improved these relationships. For pooled TM (no. = 10) values from both experiments, close relationships existed between milk allantoin excretion and concentration with milk yield (r values 0·991 and 0·883, respectively). Auto-correlation with milk yield appeared to account for milk allantoin excretion and concentration being highly correlated with urinary purine derivative excretion (r values 0·908 and 0·934, respectively) and calculated microbial protein supply (r values 0·938 and 0·945, respectively). Current experimental data indicates that measurement of milk allantoin is not a reliable indicator of microbial protein supply for individual cows.

Supplementation of barley straw with starch in sheep: Effect on microbial protein supply estimated from urinary purine derivative excretion

1993 ◽  
Vol 1993 ◽  
pp. 178-178
Author(s):  
M J. Gomes ◽  
X.B. Chen ◽  
FD.DeB. Hovell ◽  
D. Fickremariam ◽  
E.M. Nengomasha
Keyword(s):  
Barley Straw ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Purine Derivative ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Outflow Rate ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Fermentable Carbohydrates ◽  
Protein Supply

Utilization of cereal straws by ruminants is limited by low digestibility and intake. One solution is to supplement with rapidly fermentable carbohydrates (RFC), usually as starchy cereal grains. In restricted feeding experiments with roughages supplemented with RFC in the form of cereal grain concentrates, a slight increase in ruminal microbial protein (MP) synthetic efficiency has been observed with low, but a decline in efficiency at higher levels of supplementation (eg. Chen et al. 1992b). Huque (1991) noted that supplementation with low levels of starch improved straw intake and rumen digesta outflow rate. We have observed increased digesta flow rates to be associated with greater MP synthesis and yield per unit of digestible organic matter (DOM) (Chen et al. 1992a).

Milk allantoin excretion in relation to Fermentable Metabolisable Energy supply over a 26 to 33 kg/d range of milk yields in Holstein/Friesian dairy cows

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 90-90
Author(s):  
K.J. Shingfield ◽  
N.W. Offer
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Purine Derivative ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Total Urine ◽  
Protein Supply ◽  
On Farm

Widescale on-farm assessment of microbial protein supply by urinary purine derivative (PD) excretion in dairy cows is restricted by the necessity for a total urine collection. Evaluation of urinary creatinine (c) excretion as a marker of urinary output, indicated the use of spot urine sampling to be unreliable (Shingfield et al 1995a). Further investigations have indicated that, based on mean treatment measurements, milk allantoin excretion and concentration are closely correlated with fermentable metabolisable energy (FME) supply, over a narrow range of milk yields (Shingfield et al 1995b). The current experiment evaluates the potential of milk allantoin excretion and concentration as a index of microbial protein supply over a much wider range of milk yields.

Effects of the composition of grass silages on milk production and nitrogen utilization by dairy cows

1996 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Dewhurst ◽  
A. M. Mitton ◽  
N. W. Offer ◽  
C. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Purine Derivative ◽  
Unit Increase ◽  
Protein Feeding ◽  
Independent Effects ◽  
To Receive

AbstractSixteen varied grass silages metabolizable energy (ME): 9·76 to 11·99 MJ/kg ethanol-corrected toluene dry matter (TDM); crude protein (CP: 149 to 211 g/kg TDM; lactic acid: 3·5 to 134·7 g/kg TDM; butyric acid 0·4 to 46·7 g/kg TDM) were offered ad libitum to early-lactation dairy cows (12 per experiment) along with a fixed allocation of 7 kg/day of a standard concentrate. Four silages were offered in each of four incomplete change-over design experiments with three 21-day periods. This design meant that each cow was allocated to receive three of the four silages evaluated in that experiment. ME intake ranged from 108 to 262 MJ/day (mean 177 (s.d. 30·2)). Similar variation was obtained with milk yields (mean 26·5 (s.d. 4·36) kg/day), fat content (mean 37·7 (s.d. 5·60) g/kg) and protein content (mean 29·0 (s.d. 2·36) g/kg). Urinary purine derivative/creatinine ratio (PD/C), an index of microbial protein measured in spot samples (two per day) averaged 2·92 (s.d. 0·757) mol/mol. Allantoin made up an almost constant molar proportion of PD excretion (mean 0·876 (s.d. 0·0377)), with a small but significant (P < 0·001) decline of 0·0132 (s.d. 0·003) per unit increase in PD/C.Maximal utilization of silage nitrogen occurred with silages having higher ME and lower CP concentrations. Urinary PD/C suggested that microbial protein yield varied in a way which would not be predicted in current schemes and that it was a major source of variation in milk protein yield under the conditions of the present experiment. Principal components regression confirmed independent effects of ME supply and MP supply (indexed by urinary PD/C) on milk protein yield. Further work should pursue the possibility of using the urinary PD/C technique to refine protein feeding at the farm level.

Production characteristics of high-yielding dairy cows

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Neilson ◽  
C. T. Whittemore ◽  
M. Lewis ◽  
J. C. Alliston ◽  
D. J. Roberts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Gross Efficiency

ABSTRACTUnderstanding the relationships between food intake, milk output and body condition in high-yielding dairy cows is crucial in determining suitable management strategies. During two winter feeding periods 38 and 37 cows were individually fed, to appetite, complete diets which on average contained 11·7 MJ metabolizable energy per kg dry matter and comprised grass silage, concentrate meal and brewers' grains (draff). The groups' mean 305-day yield was 7 240 kg (s.d. 1 281) with 42 g (s.d. 4·3) fat per kg. Regression analysis was carried out to describe dry-matter intake both for 26 weeks post calving and for four successive 6-week periods from calving. The final equations, which had a residual s.d. of 0·07 to 0·10 of the observed intake, included milk yield, cow size and a measure of body-condition change. The cows were divided into three groups (high, medium and low) on two criteria: (1) mean milk yield (MJ/day) during the first 26 weeks of lactation and (2) post-calving backfat index determined ultrasonically. Differences were found between milk-yield groups from gross efficiency (milk yield (MJ)/energy intake (MJ metabolizable energy)) (P < 0·001), mean metabolizable energy intake (MJ/day) (P < 0·01), dry-matter intake as a proportion of live weight (P < 0·05), and post calving live weight (kg) (P < 0·05). Differences were found between backfat-index groups for maximum backfat loss and loss to day 42 (P < 0·001); also for mean live weight during the 26 weeks and post calving live weight (P < 0·001), dry-matter intake as a proportion of live weight (P < 0·05) and lactation number (P < 0·05). Interactions were found between the milk yield groups and backfat groups for milk yield (P < 0·01) and gross efficiency (P < 0·05) with the fattest group containing the highest and lowest yields and efficiencies.

Effect of the level of concentrate supplementation, herbage allowance and milk yield at turn-out on the performance of dairy cows in mid lactation at grazing

2001 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Delaby ◽  
J. L. Peyraud ◽  
R. Delagarde
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Cow Performance

AbstractIn order to establish the response of dairy cow performance to concentrate supplementation in contrasting grazing conditions and for cows differing in milk yield at turn-out, three experiments were conducted. Each year, two levels of herbage allowance were studied in interaction with four (experiment 1) or three (experiments 2 and 3) levels of concentrate on two groups of 30 to 40 mid-lactation Holstein cows producing between 20 and 46 kg milk at turnout. Amount of concentrate and herbage allowance ranged from 0 to 6 kg fresh weight and from 12 to 22 kg dry matter (DM) per cow per day respectively. The supplementation led to average responses, per kg DM concentrate, of 104 kg milk, +66 g/day body-weight gain, +0·19 g/kg milk protein and -0·57 g/kg milk fat. These responses remained linear up to 4 or 6 kg according to the years and treatments. The response to the concentrate did not vary with the milk yield or composition at turn-out. The increase in the herbage allowance from 12 to 16 kg DM per cow per day (experiment 1) improved milk yield (+1·2 kg/day) and milk protein (+0·7 g/kg) while the increase from 16 to 22 kg DM (experiments 2 and 3) had less effect (+0·5 kg/day milk yield and +0·4 g/kg milk protein). There was no clear interaction between concentrate supplementation and herbage allowance. Under the usual conditions of spring pasture, with cows in mid lactation, the use of a constant level of concentrate at grazing proves to be a technique of some interest.

Milk allantoin excretion in relation to Fermentable Metabolisable Energy supply over a 26 to 33 kg/d range of milk yields in Holstein/Friesian dairy cows

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 90-90
Author(s):  
K.J. Shingfield ◽  
N.W. Offer
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Purine Derivative ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Total Urine ◽  
Protein Supply ◽  
On Farm

Widescale on-farm assessment of microbial protein supply by urinary purine derivative (PD) excretion in dairy cows is restricted by the necessity for a total urine collection. Evaluation of urinary creatinine (c) excretion as a marker of urinary output, indicated the use of spot urine sampling to be unreliable (Shingfield et al 1995a). Further investigations have indicated that, based on mean treatment measurements, milk allantoin excretion and concentration are closely correlated with fermentable metabolisable energy (FME) supply, over a narrow range of milk yields (Shingfield et al 1995b). The current experiment evaluates the potential of milk allantoin excretion and concentration as a index of microbial protein supply over a much wider range of milk yields.

The effect of level and type of concentrate and type of conserved forage on dry matter intake and milk production of lactating dairy cows

1988 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Phipps ◽  
R. F. Weller ◽  
R. J. Elliott ◽  
J. D. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Soyabean Meal ◽  
Ad Libitum

SummaryBetween weeks 3 and 16 of lactation 191 British Friesians received a basal ration ad libitum of either grass silage (GS), grass and maize silage (GS/MS) blended in a ratio of 1:2 or grass silage and 4% NaOH-treated barley straw (GS/TS) blended in a 4:1 ratio. The grass silage, which was not well preserved, had an estimated metabolizable energy (ME) content of 9–9 MJ/kg D.M., while corresponding values for the GS/MS and GS/TS mixtures were 106 and 9–5 MJ/kg D.M., respectively. A conventional concentrate (CC) based on barley and soyabean meal was fed at three levels (9, 6 and 3 kg fresh weight/day). Although the 9 kg level was only used in conjunction with GS, the two lower levels were fed with all three forage types. Concentrate composition was also varied at the 6 and 3 kg levels by replacing, in each case, 2 kg CC with a special concentrate (SC) which, in addition to barley, wheat and soyabean meal contained, on an air-dry basis, 25 % fishmeal and 25 % protected fat in the form of Megalac

The effect of supplementing straw with barley or unmolassed sugar-beet pulp on microbial protein supply in sheep estimated from urinary purine derivative excretion

1992 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. B. Chen ◽  
S. A. Abdulrazak ◽  
W. J. Shand ◽  
E. R. Ørskov
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Sugar Beet Pulp ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Purine Derivative ◽  
Total Diet ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Protein Supply

AbstractFour sheep (live weight 39 to 42 kg) fitted with rumen cannulas were offered ammonia-treated barley straw alone (control) or supplemented with unmolassed sugar-beet pulp or rolled barley at 0·20 or 0·40 of the total diet on a fresh weight basis (SBP20, SBP40, B20 and B40, respectively) using a 4 × 5 randomized block design. Total diet intakes were 710, 873, 1054, 843 and 1021 g dry matter per day for control, SBP20, SBP40, B20 and B40 respectively. The intake of straw was depressed significantly with SBP40 and B40 (P < 0·05). Rumen pH and ammonia concentration decreased, and total volatile fatty acid concentrations increased (P < 0·05) with increasing level of supplementation for both supplements. Rumen liquid outflow rate was affected little by the supplementation although this measurement for B40 was significantly higher than that for the other treatments. Microbial protein supply, estimated from urinary excretion of purine derivatives, increased significantly with the increasing amounts of supplements (4·5, 6·7, 8·5, 7·1 and 9·0 (s.e.d. 0·73) g N per day for control, SBP20, SBP40, B20 and B40 respectively) (P < 0·05). The calculated efficiency of microbial protein production was 12·8, 14·2, 14·3, 15·7 and 14·5 (s.e.d. 1·45) g N per kg digestible organic matter intake (DOMI) for the five treatments. Although this value was lowest with the control, differences between treatments were not significant (P > 0·05). It seems that microbial protein yield per unit DOMI for a diet based on ammonia-treated straw could not be improved substantially by supplementation with sugar-beet pulp or barley.

A note on the effects of dietary protein degradability in the rumen on the voluntary intake and digestibility of barley straw by lactating beef cows

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 446-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Alawa ◽  
G. Fishwick ◽  
J. J. Parkins ◽  
R. G. Hemingway
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Previous Experiment ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Beef Suckler

In a previous experiment with pregnant beef cows (Alawa, Fishwick, Parkins, Hemingway and Aitchison, 1986) when equal amounts of crude protein (CP) were supplied from a range of concentrates providing different amounts of rumen-degraded protein (RDP), the voluntary intake of barley straw dry matter (DM) and the metabolizable energy (ME) obtained from straw were positively and significantly correlated with the intake of RDP. Whilst increasing proportions of rumen-undegraded protein (UDP) have been shown to increase the milk yield of ewes (Robinson, McHattie, Calderon Cortes and Thompson, 1979) the response of lactating beef suckler cows to UDP in terms of milk yield is not clear. There is an increasing interest in the use of peas as a protein supplement but they have not been compared with more conventional protein sources. Accordingly these present experiments were conducted to study the response of lactating beef cows and their calves to proteins from different sources providing different amounts of RDP and UDP.

The effects of supplementing grazing dairy cows with straw-based mixtures of differing composition

2001 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 579-586
Author(s):  
A. Hameleers ◽  
D. J. Immenga ◽  
D. J. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Sugar Beet Pulp ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Herbage Intake ◽  
Beet Pulp

AbstractTwo groups of grazing lactating dairy cows (no. = 10) were offered straw/sugar-beet pulp mixtures of different straw and sugar-beet pulp content. The low straw mixture (LS) contained 310, 592, 65, 9 and 24 g/kg dry matter (DM) of barley straw, sugar-beet pulp, cane molasses, urea and minerals respectively. The high straw mixture (HS) contained 540, 359, 65, 12 and 24 g/kg DM of these ingredients. This resulted in metabolizable energy and DM degradability values of 10·4 and 8·4 MJ/kg DM and 0·48 and 0·42 for mixture LS and HS, respectively. In experiment 1, the mixtures were offered for 1 h after each milking while in experiment 2 the amount of LS available was restricted to the intake of the HS mixture. The animals continuously grazed a perennial ryegrass sward with sward height maintained at 7·5 and 6·9 cm respectively for experiment 1 and 2. Forage intakes in both experiments were measured using the n-alkane technique. In experiment 1, intakes of the forage supplement were 5·3 and 2·3 kg DM per day (s.e.d. = 0·51, P < 0·001), while herbage intake was 11·5 and 14·5 kg DM per day (s.e.d. = 0·77, P = 0·004), resulting in total forage intakes of 16·9 and 16·7 kg DM per day for treatments LS and HS respectively. No significant differences in terms of time spent grazing, ruminating and eating forage supplement were observed. No significant differences in terms of animal performance were observed. In experiment 2 intakes of the forage supplements were 2·8 kg DM per day for both treatments while herbage intake was 13·0 and 13·2 kg DM per day (s.e.d. = 110) resulting in total daily intakes of 15·8 and 16·0 kg DM (s.e.d. = 1·24) for treatment LS and HS, respectively. No significant differences in terms of grazing time, rumination time or animal performance were detected. It was concluded that under conditions when herbage was readily available, higher amounts of high energy/high degradability forage supplement were consumed than of low energy low degradability forage supplements. However, total dry matter intakes were equal. Intake from forage supplements seem to be affected by short-term fill effects in this situation.

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