scholarly journals REPRESENTING CONJUNCTIVE DEDUCTIONS BY DISJUNCTIVE DEDUCTIONS

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-157
Author(s):  
KOSTA DOŠEN ◽  
ZORAN PETRIĆ
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Single Object ◽  
Finite Products ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Propositional Letter

AbstractA skeleton of the category with finite coproducts${\cal D}$ freely generated by a single object has a subcategory isomorphic to a skeleton of the category with finite products ${\cal C}$ freely generated by a countable set of objects. As a consequence, we obtain that ${\cal D}$ has a subcategory equivalent with ${\cal C}$. From a proof-theoretical point of view, this means that up to some identifications of formulae the deductions of pure conjunctive logic with a countable set of propositional letters can be represented by deductions in pure disjunctive logic with just one propositional letter. By taking opposite categories, one can replace coproduct by product, i.e., disjunction by conjunction, and the other way round, to obtain the dual results.

scholarly journals José Vasconcelos: mito iberoamericanista o filosofía estética iberoamericana

2013 ◽  
pp. 37-54
Author(s):  
Roberto Luquín Guerra
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Educational Work ◽  
Jose Vasconcelos ◽  
Philosophical Thought ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
History Of ◽  
American Thought ◽  
Cultural Message

Apart from his political and educational work, and from his controversial autobiography, José Vasconcelos is known for his Ibero-Americanist thought. The Cosmic Race, Indology and Bolivarism and Monroeism gather all the ideas that are attributed to his theoretical point of view. His philosophy is what we know less of and what is most criticized. Nonetheless, is there a connection between his philosophical thought and his Ibero-Americanist ideas? Abelardo Villegas says that Vasconcelos’s philosophy is the product of a racial and cultural message. Therefore, according to Villegas, his philosophy is subordinated to his Ibero-Americanist ideas. Patrick Romanell, on the other hand, states that the Ibero-Americanist ideas make up the popular and illusory side and, hence, must be separated from the philosophical thought. The aim of this paper is to elucidate this problem. In order to clarify it, we will follow Villegas viewpoint to the bitter end. His reasoning invites us to look closely at the history of Ibero-American thought as well as at Vasconcelos’s first works. Precisely by analyzing these two aspects and the point where they meet, we might be able to find an answer.

Nonverbal Communication of Confidence in Soccer Referees: An Experimental Test of Darwin’s Leakage Hypothesis

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 590-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Furley ◽  
Geoffrey Schweizer
Keyword(s):  
Nonverbal Communication ◽  
Nonverbal Behavior ◽  
Experimental Test ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

The goal of the present paper was to investigate whether soccer referees’ nonverbal behavior (NVB) differed based on the difficulty of their decisions and whether perceivers could detect these systematic variations. On the one hand, communicating confidence via NVB is emphasized in referee training. On the other hand, it seems feasible from a theoretical point of view that particularly following relatively difficult decisions referees have problems controlling their NVB. We conducted three experiments to investigate this question. Experiment 1 (N = 40) and Experiment 2 (N = 60) provided evidence that perceivers regard referees’ NVB as less confident following ambiguous decisions as compared with following unambiguous decisions. Experiment 3 (N = 58) suggested that perceivers were more likely to debate with the referee when referees nonverbally communicated less confidence. We discuss consequences for referee training.

Digital platforms: mapping the territory of new technologies to fight food waste

2020 ◽  
Vol 122 (5) ◽  
pp. 1647-1669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo Cane ◽  
Carmen Parra
Keyword(s):  
Food Waste ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Responsible Consumption

PurposeThe reduction of food waste is still a pending issue that governments have still not resolved. In response to this problem mobile platforms are emerging that follow food ecology and the responsible consumption of food, and self-management of their access to allow the communication between people and their use of food. In this paper, the authors will analyze the main digital platforms that deal with solving this problem, especially those that fulfill a social commitment through the distribution and reduction of waste.Design/methodology/approachTo provide solutions, the authors will address the importance of new technologies in the fight against waste, using digital platforms to manage food and to eliminate the loss in surplus products. To do this, the authors will first analyze from a theoretical point of view the concepts of “loss”, “waste” and “surplus product”, incorporating data of their impact between Spain and Italy. Next, the authors will analyze the influence of new technologies in the detection and distribution of products destined to become food waste. To carry out this qualitative research, the authors will apply the research strategy of theory building from multiple case studies (particularly 16 different digital platforms against food waste were analyzed), which is a methodological approach that uses cases as the basis to develop theory inductively.FindingsThe authors must make the public aware of the importance of being responsible consumers. To this end, the authors must disclose the problems associated with food waste and surplus product, presenting alternatives and new consumption habits. For this, it is necessary to collaborate and build synergies with organizations of different origins (consumers, producers and activists) involved in sustainable agrifood models. In this sense, digital platforms are essential tools to fight against food waste, preventing certain products from being considered unfit for human consumption. In this study, the authors suggest that, based on the review of the literature and the analysis of apps and blogs, the authors look for solutions to surplus and food waste both from the environment of the entrepreneur and the consumer and all using the new technologies.Research limitations/implicationsThe research has raised different limitations. On the one hand, it is a subject that has not been analyzed from a doctrinal point of view, so it is not easy to find bibliographic references. On the other hand, digital platforms that act on food waste are not cataloged. This has made it difficult to search for elements of analysis to obtain results in the work. Finally, the sample can vary in a short period of time since the digital platforms are in a boom, which means that they constantly change.Practical implicationsThis work allows a theoretical approach to the concepts of “loss”, “wastage” and “surplus product”, incorporating data on its impact in Spain and Italy, comparing it with the rest of Europe while providing figures and data on their impact. On the other hand, it allows us to know how new technologies can help the detection and distribution of products destined to become food waste. Finally, there are examples of platforms that are offering service in different areas, incorporating a novel classification that allows us to know the differences depending on their origin and destination.Originality/valueThe originality of the work can be summarized in the following points: There are no doctrinal works that analyze in a combined way the food waste with the new technologies; The relationship with the 2030 Agenda in which responsible consumption is one of the achievements pursued by the United Nations, and the authors position the study’s research as an evidence of platforms that are currently working in the interest of reducing food waste. Furthermore, the authors provide an early classification of platforms based on their usability and objectives of reducing, reusing and recycling food.

scholarly journals Keeping Systems at Work

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antti Silvast ◽  
Mikko J Virtanen
Keyword(s):  
Science And Technology Studies ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Electricity System ◽  
The One ◽  
Electricity Infrastructure ◽  
Theoretical Considerations

This article discusses the reliability of electricity supply and the management of its uncertainties from a systems theoretical point of view. We begin by outlining recent Science and Technology Studies (STS) literature about energy systems, infrastructures and practices concerning their use and argue that many current discussions hold promise in two directions: one concerns the brittleness and uncertainty of the electricity system that is seen as an ongoing achievement, the other is about broader structuring factors and contexts that should also be acknowledged when researching such systems. With an aim of developing this two-part focus, the paper advances systems theoretical considerations about the electricity infrastructure and proposes an analysis tool to study the necessary reductions of complexity of the infrastructure in two emblematic settings. The sites are infrastructure control rooms on the one hand and households on the other hand. The article concludes by discussing the different reductions of complexity by electricity users and electricity experts through using the theoretical point of view presented in the article.

scholarly journals A cylindrical Venn diagram model for categorical syllogisms - latest version

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Constantin Radulescu
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Venn Diagram ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Middle Term

One shows that a set theoretical approach to categorical syllogisms is much more natural than the“figures, moods and rules of the syllogism approach”. (The latter satisfies “Aristotle's requirementthat the middle term M should not appear in the conclusion. Striker, 2009. ) In the “set approach”one deals with the eight 3-set intersections that span a universal set U: U=MSP+MS'P+MSP'+MS'P'+M'SP+M'S'P+M'SP'+M'S'P', where S,P,M are the usual categorical terms (interpreted nowas sets) appearing in the wording of the pairs of categorical premises (PCPs) and of the logicalconclusions (LCs) which the PCPs might entail; the union of disjoints sets is denoted by a + sign;MSP:= M∩S∩P, etc.; S',P',M' are the categorical terms non-S, non-P, non-M,, now interpreted asthe complementary sets in U of the S,P,M, respectively. In this model of categorical syllogisms,when using a cylindrical Venn diagram, (Marquand 1881), (Veitch 1952), (Karnaugh 1953), it isself-evident that if a PCP entails an LC at all, (and thus generates a valid categorical argument(VCA), then the LC singles out one and only one of the 8 subsets of U, and affirms about it eitherthat it is non-empty, or, that one of the sets S,P,M,S',P',M' is empty except, possibly, the subset whichthe LC singled out. Thus the middle term M, or its complementary M', are very much part of theLC. (Of course, to satisfy Aristotle's requirement that M should not appear in the LC, an LC of thefirst type, e.g., SPM≠Ø, may be re-written, with some loss of “intuitive information”, as I(S,P), andan LC of the second type, e.g., S=SPM, may be re-written as A(S,P).) The valid syllogisms (VSs) arethose VCAs whose LCs can be re-written in the “(S,P)-format”, i.e., one of the categoricaloperators A,O,E,I is applied to the ordered pair (S,P). After the “middle term elimination”, the LCsof the VCA\VS set are of the I(S',P'), A(P,S), or O(P,S) type. It is easy to see that there are fiveclasses of PCPs – two do not entail LCs, and three do, thus generating three distinct VCA classes.Inside each VCA class, via a relabeling transformation of the sets S,P,M, S',P',M', any of the VCA(or VS) can be recast (or reformulated) as any other VCA from the same class. This “namingcovariance” suggests that, at least from a set theoretical point of view, (i) the (S,P)-format LCrestriction is not meaningful, and (ii) one may consider that there are only three distinct VCAs (andVSs), chosen as any one representative per VCA class; for example, one may choose asrepresentatives Darapti, Darii and Barbara – all the other VCAs (not only VSs) maybe written,using appropriately chosen terms, as either a Darapti, Darii or Barbara VS. There are alwaysrelabelings transforming any VCA from the VCA\VS set into a VS. The role of VCA relabelings issimilar to the role of “reduction of syllogisms” (the latter was applied only to the VSs).

scholarly journals Understanding congruence in person-centred counselling practice: A trainee counsellor’s perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natri Sutanti
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Relationship ◽  
Cultural Background ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Unconditional Positive Regard ◽  
Counselling Practice ◽  
Apply Theory ◽  
Accurate Matching ◽  
Counselling Theory

Congruence is a condition in therapeutic relationship that refers to accurate matching of a person’s experience with awareness. In person-centred counselling, counsellor’s congruence is believed as one of helpful and significant aspects that facilitates clients’ growth in counselling. However, this term is quite difficult to understand as a single condition as it interrelated to the other conditions such as empathy and unconditional positive regard. Understanding congruence theoretically and practically is intriguing as well as challenging especially for a trainee counsellor that is still learning to apply theory on practice. This paper aims to critically explore congruence from person-centred counselling theory and to demonstrate some evidences of the development of congruence in practice based on the author’s counselling practice as a trainee counsellor. There are three main discussions in this paper that is to explain congruence from the theoretical point of view, to understand the relation between congruence and acceptance and to explore congruence in person-centred practice. The exploration found that trainee counsellor’s cultural background including condition of worth and language barrier is one of challenges in experiencing congruence within person-centred counselling practice.Keywords: congruence, person-centred counselling, unconditional positive regard, ontological standpoint

scholarly journals On meaning of adjectives as a cause and consequence of their collocabilities

2011 ◽  
pp. 109-119
Author(s):  
Rajna Dragicevic
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Content ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Permanent Effect

This paper explores a theoretical point of view that the collocability is determined by the meaning of a lexeme and also represents its consequence. Our main goal is to show that these two factors may contribute with different intensity, and that context may have greater or lesser effect on the meaning of a lexeme. The analysis proves that the context has a lesser effect on more frequent lexemes and does not have a permanent effect on their meaning, but on the other hand, context has a greater effect on infrequent lexemes and has a greater effect on their semantic content. This even applies in a case of a lexeme used separately. Even analysis of two unrelated languages (Serbian and German) shows that the most frequent associations on infrequent adjectives are the nouns frequently used with them, which means that frequently used collocations produce an effect on them even out of context. Furthermore, there are examples in lexicography that infrequent adjectives are defined by collocations peculiar for infrequent lexemes. On the other hand, the most frequent verbal associations of Serbian and German respondents on very frequent adjectives are not the nouns usually found in their collocations, but their antonyms, thus it is possible to conclude that the context has no any effect. The conclusion is that collocability is determined by the meaning of a lexeme and it also represents its consequence, and at the same time the collocation effect on a lexeme is greater if the lexeme is less frequent.

scholarly journals The Esscher Premium Principle: A Criticism

1981 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Zehnwirth
Keyword(s):  
Loss Function ◽  
Utility Theory ◽  
Random Quantity ◽  
Present Note ◽  
Random Variable ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Important Distinction ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Insight Into

The Esscher premium principle has recently had some exposure, namely, with the works of Bühlmann (1980) and Gerber (1980).Bühlmann (1980) devised the principle and coined the name for it within the framework of utility theory and risk exchange. Geruber (1980), on the other hand, gives further insight into the principle by studying it within the realm of forecasting in much the same spirit as credibility theorists forecast premiums. However, there is an important distinction: the choice of loss function.The present note sets out to criticize this relatively embryonic principle using decision theoretic arguments and indicates that the Esscher premium is essentially a small perturbation of the well established linearized credibility premium Bühlmann (1970).Let H denote the Esscher premium principle with loading h > o. That is, if X is an observable random variable and Y is a parameter (a risk or a random quantity) to be forecasted then the Esscher premium is given byThat is, H(Y ∣ X) is the Bayes decision rule for estimating Y given the data X relative to the loss functionwhere a is the estimate of Y, and of course the loading h is greater than zero.Now, for the clincher. This loss function is nonsensical from the point of view of estimation. It indicates a loss (or error) to the forecaster that is essentially the antithesis of relative loss.

scholarly journals Introduction to distributive categories

1993 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. B. Cockett
Keyword(s):  
Boolean Algebra ◽  
Category Theory ◽  
Boolean Logic ◽  
The Other ◽  
Embedding Theorems ◽  
Canonical Map ◽  
Finite Products ◽  
The Law ◽  
Image Position

Distributive category theory is the study of categories with two monoidal structures, one of which “distributes” over the other in some manner. When these are the product and coproduct, this distribution is taken to be the lawwhich asserts that the obvious canonical map has an inverse. A distributive category is here taken to mean a category with finite products and binary coproducts such that this law is satisfied.In any distributive category the coproduct of the final object with itself, 1 + 1, forms a boolean algebra. Thus, maps into 1 + 1 provide a boolean logic: if each such map recognizes a unique subobject, the category is a recognizable distributive category. If, furthermore, the category is such that these recognizers classify detachable subobjects (coproduct embeddings), it is an extensive distributive category.Extensive distributive categories can be approached in various ways. For example, recognizable distributive categories, in which coproducts are disjoint or all preinitials are isomorphic, are extensive. Also, a category X having finite products and binary coproducts satisfying the slice equation (due to Schanuel and Lawvere) is extensive. This paper describes a series of embedding theorems. Any distributive category has a full faithful embedding into a recognizable distributive category. Any recognizable distributive category can be "solidified" faithfully to produce an extensive distributive category. Any extensive distributive category can be embedded into a topos.A peculiar source of extensive distributive categories is the coproduct completion of categories with familial finite products. In particular, this includes the coproduct completion of cartesian categories, which is serendipitously, therefore, also the distributive completion. Familial distributive categories can be characterized as distributive categories for which every object has a finite decomposition into indecomposables.

The independence of Quine's axioms *200 and *201

1941 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 96-97
Author(s):  
Barkley Rosser
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Mathematical Logic ◽  
The Other ◽  
Single Object ◽  
Technical Details ◽  
Truth Value ◽  
Image Position

We refer to the axioms in Quine's book, Mathematical logic, New York, 1940.To prove the independence of *200, give xϵ α the truth value F in all cases and give (x)ϕ the same truth value as ϕ. Then clearly all formulas derivable from the other axioms besides *200 have the value T, whereas from *200 one can derive (∃x)(∃α)(xϵ α) which has the value F. This method of proving independence amounts to taking for a model a universe consisting of the single object Λ.For *201 we prove a contingent independence. That is, we prove that if Quine's system is consistent, then *201 is independent. The line of argument is the following. Suppose *201 can be derived from the other axioms. Let us replace xϵ α by throughout all the axioms. Then what *201 becomes can be derived from what the other axioms become. However what *201 becomes will lead to a contradiction in Quine's system whereas the rules which the other axioms become are valid in Quine's system.We now get down to technical details. Let us refer to the replacement of xϵ α by throughout an expression as an r replacement. Denote the result of performing an r replacement on ϕ by ϕr. Let Wα denoteThenNote that if x and y are variables, then by D10,

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