Design of Carry Select Adder using BEC and Common Boolean Logic

Carry Select Adder (CSLA) is known to be the fastest adder among the conventional adder structure, which uses multiple narrow adders. CSLA has a great scope of reducing area, power consumption, speed and delay. From the structure of regular CSLA using RCA, it consumes large area and power. This proposed work uses a simple and dynamic Gate Level Implementation which reduces the area, delay, power and speed of the regular CSLA. Based on a modified CSLA using BEC the implementation of 8-b, 16-b, 32-b square root CSLA (SQRT CSLA) architecture have been developed. In order to reduce the area and power consumption in a great way we proposed a design using binary to excess 1 converter (BEC). This paper proposes an dynamic method which replaces a BEC using Common Boolean Logic.

Streamlined Q-M Method

A streamlined (relative to the text book Quine McCluskey tabular method) for simplifying Boolean Logic expressions is presented.<br>

Streamlined Q-M Method

A streamlined (relative to the text book Quine McCluskey tabular method) for simplifying Boolean Logic expressions is presented.<br>

Introduction to logical entropy and its relationship to Shannon entropy

We live in the information age. Claude Shannon, as the father of the information age, gave us a theory of communications that quantified an “amount of information,” but, as he pointed out, “no concept of information itself was defined.” Logical entropy provides that definition. Logical entropy is the natural measure of the notion of information based on distinctions, differences, distinguishability, and diversity. It is the (normalized) quantitative measure of the distinctions of a partition on a set-just as the Boole–Laplace logical probability is the normalized quantitative measure of the elements of a subset of a set. And partitions and subsets are mathematically dual concepts – so the logic of partitions is dual in that sense to the usual Boolean logic of subsets, and hence the name “logical entropy.” The logical entropy of a partition has a simple interpretation as the probability that a distinction or dit (elements in different blocks) is obtained in two independent draws from the underlying set. The Shannon entropy is shown to also be based on this notion of information-as-distinctions; it is the average minimum number of binary partitions (bits) that need to be joined to make all the same distinctions of the given partition. Hence all the concepts of simple, joint, conditional, and mutual logical entropy can be transformed into the corresponding concepts of Shannon entropy by a uniform non-linear dit-bit transform. And finally logical entropy linearizes naturally to the corresponding quantum concept. The quantum logical entropy of an observable applied to a state is the probability that two different eigenvalues are obtained in two independent projective measurements of that observable on that state.

Biological regulatory networks are less nonlinear than expected by chance

Nonlinearity is a characteristic of complex biological regulatory networks that has implications ranging from therapy to control. To better understand its nature, we analyzed a suite of published Boolean network models, containing a variety of complex nonlinear interactions, with an approach involving a probabilistic generalization of Boolean logic that George Boole himself had proposed. Leveraging the continuous-nature of this formulation using Taylor-decomposition methods revealed the distinct layers of nonlinearity of the models. A comparison of the resulting series of model approximations with the corresponding sets of randomized ensembles furthermore revealed that the biological networks are relatively more linearly approximable. We hypothesize that this is a result of optimization by natural selection for the purpose of controllability.

Undergraduate Students’ Online Health Information-Seeking Behavior during the COVID-19 Pandemic

As the COVID-19 pandemic has swept across the world, the amount of health-related information available has skyrocketed. Individuals can easily access health information through the internet, which may influence their thoughts or behavior, causing potential technological risks that may affect their lives. This study examined the online health information-seeking behavior of undergraduate students. Taking health issues as a guiding framework, content analysis was adopted to assess participants’ online health information-seeking behavior using a computer screen recording software, and coding analysis was conducted. The study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic with a formal sample of 101 participants. In terms of online health information-seeking behavior, 59% of the study participants used nouns as keywords, only 27% used Boolean logic retrieval techniques, 81% paid attention to the date of the data, and 85% did not consider the author’s professionalism. The results indicate that health information-seeking behavior and outcome judgments may be a missing piece of the puzzle in higher education. Consequently, the development of online health information-seeking skills through programs for undergraduate students is suggested to ensure that online readers have access to appropriate health information.

Component 2 (Meso): Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA)

This chapter contains the meso component (Qualitative Comparative Analysis, QCA). It discusses the QCA research model, the QCA methodology, and the analysis of the QCA results.QCA is used to analyse both quantitative and qualitative data, thus enabling causal inferences. However, QCA is not a statistical technique that focuses on the likelihood of the relations among variables. Instead, it is a method based on Boolean logic, rooted in set theory, and founded on the notions of sufficiency, the necessity of conditions, and conjunctural causation.QCA results indicate, among others, that for high competitiveness, high EPI suffices if Concordats with the Vatican are low and if the Roman Catholic and Orthodox population is low. No State Religion positively affects competitiveness. Having Concordats with the Vatican negatively influences competitiveness. Additionally, factors like German, English, and Scandinavian legal origin help to increase competitiveness.Oppositely, QCA results for high corruption indicate that Concordats in combination with Roman Catholic religion adherence increase corruption. Orthodox religion has a similar negative effect. Most countries with high corruption are of French legal origin and have high Concordats. This trend is robust.Colombia and Switzerland (the two extreme cases) exhibited several consistent QCA results. The other two cases (Cuba and Uruguay) only revealed one or two consistent outcomes.