Sustainable Green Finance towards a Green Belt and Road

Abstract At the second Belt and Road forum in 2019, the Chinese government set out its intentions to develop a “Green Belt and Road”. This paper will examine critical issues arising from green-financed projects under the Belt and Road. In particular, the root issue of the lack of harmonized sustainability standards for green bonds globally. While there are positive regulatory developments, there is still a big gap between companies’ reporting metrics and investors’ growing expectations of what constitutes “green”—constituting “green washing”. This issue compounds as green projects under the Belt and Road are often complex infrastructure projects, where unexpected (and negative) externalities may sometimes occur on the ground. In this regard, this paper advocates for robust risk management, where accurate forecasting of environmental harm and stakeholder engagement are implemented actively throughout the project's life cycle. Finally, adequate dispute resolution and avoidance measures should be adopted to protect stakeholders.

Demystifying the Belt and Road Initiative: China’s domestic and non-strategic policy?

Asian Journal of Comparative Politics ◽

10.1177/20578911211038876 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 205789112110388

Author(s):

Yuan Jiang

Keyword(s):

Global Strategy ◽

Chinese Economy ◽

Chinese Government ◽

Xi Jinping ◽

One Belt One Road ◽

Belt And Road ◽

Strategic Policy ◽

The Difference ◽

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a central policy of the Chinese government. The initiative is directly associated with President Xi Jinping, who first put forward the BRI in Kazakhstan and Indonesia in 2013, initially as One Belt One Road. Different from repetitive literature that concludes the BRI as China's global strategy, this article makes a contribution to argue that the BRI is China's domestic and non-strategic policy. To justify this argument, this article analyses how the BRI has been embedded into aspects of Chinese domestic policy by revealing its nexuses with Chinese domestic economy, politics and ideology. To deepen the understanding of the BRI's connection with the Chinese economy, this article explores the link between the BRI and China's supply-side structural reform. Meanwhile, this research demystifies the BRI as a global strategy and the difference between joining and rejecting the BRI to prove the BRI's non-strategic essence. In the end, this article discusses the BRI's far-reaching geopolitical influence.

We Should Push Countries along “Belt and Road Initiative” to Build Green Supply Chain

China and the World ◽

10.1142/s2591729318500062 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 01 (01) ◽

pp. 1850006

Author(s):

Jingyan Fu

Keyword(s):

Supply Chain ◽

International Cooperation ◽

Green Supply Chain ◽

Chinese Government ◽

Ecological Benefits ◽

The People ◽

Belt And Road ◽

Building a green supply chain in the countries along the “Belt and Road Initiative” (BRI) route will not only generate huge economic and ecological benefits, it will also profit people in these countries and encourage the people in these countries to identify with the BRI as well as advance the development of this Initiative. Therefore, this research suggests the Chinese government taking the lead in jointly building a green supply chain with countries along BRI after the “Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation” in July 2017.

The Effects of China’s “Belt and Road Initiative” and “31 Measures to Benefit Taiwan” on the Development of Taiwanese Enterprises

International Business Research ◽

10.5539/ibr.v11n12p53 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 53

Author(s):

Hsiung-Shen Jung ◽

Jui-Lung Chen

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Labor Cost ◽

Chinese Government ◽

Rapid Economic Growth ◽

The People ◽

Belt And Road ◽

Reform And Opening Up ◽

The Belt And Road ◽

Opening Up

China has achieved rapid economic growth and become involved in the economic globalization through its policy of reform and opening-up and modernization. It has attracted much investment from lots of Taiwanese enterprises, including some small and medium-sized enterprises featuring a high labor cost and facing difficult operation in the traditional industries. Thanks to the policy, many Taiwanese enterprises have got a chance to rebirth by transforming their crises into opportunities. With the implementation of the policy of urbanization, the people from rural areas in China have been moving to urban areas, and the enterprises of the second and third industries have been concentrating in cities. This has not only fueled the livelihood-oriented consumption in China but also expanded the domestic demand market of the Taiwanese medium and large-sized livelihood enterprises in China. The Belt and Road trade foundation construction program, which aims to link Europe, Asia and Africa and was proposed in 2013, is an extension of the Great Development of Western Part of China and offers Taiwanese enterprises a chance to get fully involved in the development of the international market. The 31 Measures to Benefit Taiwan announced by the Chinese government in February 2018 has significant influence on the future development of the Taiwanese enterprises in China. Therefore, this paper will elaborate on the effects of the Belt and Road and the 31 Measures to Benefit Taiwan on the Taiwanese enterprises.

Repositioning China in the Global Education Hierarchy Through the Sino–Foreign Educational Partnerships in the Belt and Road Initiative

China and Europe on the New Silk Road ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198853022.003.0009 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 162-179

Author(s):

Jie Gao

Keyword(s):

Global Education ◽

Educational Programs ◽

Chinese Government ◽

Educational Partnerships ◽

Ministry Of Education ◽

History Of ◽

Belt And Road ◽

Foreign Education ◽

Chapter 9 explores the roles of Sino–foreign education partnerships (SFEP) within China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), in particular, how it has been shifted from a strategic tool to reform and upgrade China’s domestic higher education sector, to becoming a diplomatic instrument for building connections between China and the regions and countries along the BRI routes. The history of the development of SFEP reveals how policy and regulation have evolved. The shifting paradigm of the Chinese government, through its MOE (Ministry of Education), in regulating SFEP provides a window into the grand transformation of China’s narrative towards its position in the global education hierarchy. China is shifting from the follower/importer of “advanced foreign educational programs,” to a proactive player that builds a platform and framework for educational collaboration in the world. Now, China is becoming an initiator/exporter of its own educational programs and culture along the belt and road.

Economic Complexity Based Recommendation Enhance the Efficiency of the Belt and Road Initiative

Entropy ◽

10.3390/e20090718 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 20 (9) ◽

pp. 718 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Hao Liao ◽

Xiao-Min Huang ◽

Alexandre Vidmer ◽

Yi-Cheng Zhang ◽

Ming-Yang Zhou

Keyword(s):

Geographical Location ◽

Geographic Location ◽

Chinese Government ◽

Recommendation Algorithm ◽

Development Direction ◽

Belt And Road ◽

The Impact ◽

The Belt And Road ◽

The Ideal

The Belt and Road initiative (BRI) was announced in 2013 by the Chinese government. Its goal is to promote the cooperation between European and Asian countries, as well as enhancing the trust between members and unifying the market. Since its creation, more and more developing countries are joining the initiative. Based on the geographical location characteristics of the countries in this initiative, we propose an improvement of a popular recommendation algorithm that includes geographic location information. This recommendation algorithm is able to make suitable recommendations of products for countries in the BRI. Then, Fitness and Complexity metrics are used to evaluate the impact of the recommendation results and measure the country’s competitiveness. The aim of this work is to provide countries’ insights on the ideal development direction. By following the recommendations, the countries can quickly increase their international competitiveness.

Sustainable Green Growth in Developing Economies

Journal of Global Information Management ◽

10.4018/jgim.20221101.oa1 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 30 (6) ◽

pp. 1-15

Author(s):

Ruoyu He ◽

Tomas Baležentis ◽

Dalia Štreimikienė ◽

Zhiyang Shen

Keyword(s):

Total Factor Productivity ◽

Environmental Performance ◽

Developing Economies ◽

Chinese Government ◽

Factor Productivity ◽

Green Growth ◽

Average Growth ◽

Belt And Road ◽

Desirable And Undesirable Outputs ◽

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) initiated by Chinese government could be regarded as a systematic framework for promoting economic cooperation and development among the countries along the Belt and Road and China. This paper attempts to analyze economic and environmental performance in 61 developing countries along Belt and Road. An additive total factor productivity growth measure allows aggregating contributions of individual countries along the BRI to construct a reasonable measure. Both desirable and undesirable outputs are considered. The growth in the total factor productivity is decomposed with respect to the economic and environmental contributions. The annual average growth rate of green productivity is 3.1% and the disparity of economic and environmental performance could be observed among countries. Some countries show robust economic growths while environmental performance slows down green growth. This indicates that developing economies should pay attention to environmental impacts and promote sustainable development by sharing emission reduction technologies.

China’s Belt and Road Initiative Extension to Central and Eastern European Countries - Sixteen Nations, Five Summits, Many Challenges

Croatian International Relations Review ◽

10.1515/cirr-2017-0007 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 23 (78) ◽

pp. 57-76 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Marsela Musabelliu

Keyword(s):

Global Economy ◽

European Countries ◽

Chinese Government ◽

Eastern European ◽

International Affairs ◽

Cooperation Mechanism ◽

Belt And Road ◽

Eastern European Countries ◽

Abstract The Belt and Road Initiative proclaimed by President Xi in 2013, a strategy developed by the Chinese government, is very important to China but is not confined to China. In order for the initiative to be successful it needs to be embraced by the countries on the terrestrial and maritime route indicated in the plan. In the late 1980s Deng Xiaoping proposed to integrate Socialism with Chinese Characteristics (Zhongguo Tese Shehui Zhuyi, ) into global capitalism and in the 1990s the Jiang Zemin leadership initiated the Going out policy (Zouchuqu Zhanlue, ) – the current Belt and Road Initiative is China’s continuation in implementing those policies into actual deeds. China’s accession to WTO in 2001 marked China’s full integration into the global economy and since then the People’s Republic of China (PRC) has become the largest trading partner for more than 180 countries. The Xi-Li administration has been extremely proactive since it was established in 2012; from that year on, Chinese behavior in international affairs has gained an ever-growing role as a forger of economic and diplomatic ties between countries. The primary example of this behavior is the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). As every serious foreign policy plan, the BRI is an accumulation of various other initiatives. For example, the cooperation mechanism “16+1”, with which the PRC has approached Central and Eastern European Countries (CEEC), can be integrated under the BRI. This paper analizes the “16+1” China-CEEC cooperation mechanism in the context of the bigger BRI initiative, and tries to comprehend the economic and political factors intertwined with its implementation.

China’s Foreign Aid Training: Targeting Becoming an Influential Culture Sharer

Journal of Asian and African Studies ◽

10.1177/0021909620946351 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 002190962094635

Author(s):

Skylar Biyang Sun ◽

Xinzhi Xu ◽

Xiaohang Zhao

Keyword(s):

Foreign Aid ◽

Training Programs ◽

Chinese Government ◽

National Scale ◽

Short Term ◽

Cultural Products ◽

Fragmented Authoritarianism ◽

Belt And Road ◽

Since the 1990s, China has formalized its short-term foreign aid training for foreign officials and technological personnel. This type of training often lasts for 21 days and participants from invited countries arrive in China for a period of condensed study, with all fees covered by the Chinese government. By the end of 2009, China had organized more than 4000 short-term training programs for over 120,000 personnel from more than 50 countries. Along with the establishment of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan and the constructional needs of the Belt and Road Initiative, China has gradually increased the export of its cultural products in foreign aid training. Surprisingly, such national-scale training is largely omitted from current scholarly research. Employing the “fragmented authoritarianism” model, we look at the administrative structure of China’s foreign aid training and provide rudimentary research into the field.

THE BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CHINESE RAILWAY EXPRESS TRAINS

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ◽

10.17721/apmv.2020.145.1.81-87 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 81-87

Author(s):

Thomas Chan Man Hung

Keyword(s):

Cold War ◽

Silk Road ◽

Great Powers ◽

Chinese Government ◽

Colonial Expansion ◽

The Us ◽

Belt And Road ◽

The Cold War ◽

Introduction. Belt and Road Initiative of China is not something novel. It is the present-day continuation of the millennium-old Eurasian Silk Road that had been disrupted by the colonial expansion of the European powers. After the Cold War even the US and EU have attempted to restore the old Silk Road but with limited success. It was only in 2013 when the Chinese Government announced the Initiative that the world, not just the great powers, has begun once again to speak and think of the revival of the old Silk Road with enthusiasm.

مبادرة الحزام والطريق: نشأة وأهداف / The Belt and Road Initiative: Origin and Objectives

Chinese and Arab Studies ◽

10.1515/caas-2021-2008 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 81-89

Author(s):

Ding Long

Keyword(s):

Regional Integration ◽

Financial Integration ◽

Bilateral Trade ◽

Policy Coordination ◽

Silk Road ◽

Chinese Government ◽

Maritime Silk Road ◽

Belt And Road ◽

Abstract The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a strategy initiated by Chinese government that seeks to connect Asia with Africa and Europe via land and maritime networks with the aim of increasing commercial exchange, stimulating economic growth and improving regional integration. The BRI comprises a Silk Road Economic Belt and a 21st century Maritime Silk Road. The initiative defines five major priorities, namely policy coordination, infrastructure connectivity, unimpeded trade, financial integration, and people-to-people bonds. The BRI has been associated with large investment programs in infrastructure projects. It is also an increasingly important umbrella mechanism for China’s bilateral trade with BRI partners.