Does a Large New Business benefit the Policyholders of a Life Company?

1874 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 335-343
Author(s):  
James R. Macfadyen
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Practical Point ◽  
New Business ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Subject

The question with which I have headed this paper is one that may seem startling enough. It has been so widely taken for granted that a large new business must be an unmixed good to all concerned in a life company, that to debate whether it be so or no, will seem in the eyes of many to be a very idle thing. And yet, though I have been considering the subject for a long time, I cannot answer the question unhesitatingly in the affirmative. In saying this, it ought to be pointed out, that the matter is regarded from a purely practical point of view. The problem is not ought a large new business to benefit policyholders? but, as a matter of fact, does it? Even if the question were answered in the negative, it would not follow that no new business, or an insufficient quantity of it, would better suit the interests of the policyholders. Waste must be supplied, and a certain degree of magnitude maintained in life companies.

scholarly journals НОВЫЙ ПОВЕСТВОВАТЕЛЬНЫЙ МИР В ТВОРЧЕСТВЕ АКИ МОРЧИЛАДЗЕ

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (8(38)) ◽  
pp. 28-30
Author(s):  
Ната Бердзули
Keyword(s):  
Historical Novel ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Postmodern Literature ◽  
Historical Information ◽  
Narrative Story ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Narrative Function

The narrative dates from a long time ago and the subject of its research was to study fundamental principles of narration.It is so old that the ideas of its structure have been developed in the ancient times. The etymology of the term "narrative", is derived from the Latin and its meaning is narration. This term was emerged in the literary studies as a result of novelist works by Roland Bart, Claude Bremann, Cvetan Todorov and others. In the twentieth century, many theories were created about the narrative, and in the same century, the main analytical components of narrative - story, sound, time, point of view, character, role were established.Narrative can be considered as a feature of postmodernism, because narrative sources take special significance in postmodernism.While researching modern literature a significant function is given to the variety of narrative usages. The aim of the theme is to research the narrative function on the basis of comparative analysis of Aka Morchiladze's creative works.Aka Morchiladze's novels are filled with familiar literary or historical motives, acting people, stories, but itcreates a different reality through narrative or literary plays.The author creates a narrative text based on literary texts and "historical information". Historical information that is used in the text does not correspond to reality, and we, the readers, think that we are about to learn “historical novel” and the narrator is a historian,-not a novelist. Finally, we realize that we deal with the "fake history", allusion of writer's fantasy and literary and historical facts. Therefore, with regards of the presented issues, it is necessary to take into consideration the specificity of postmodern literature and peculiarities of realization of this specificity in Georgian reality. Narrative sources are of particular importance in postmodernism, which is one of the most important elements of the study of the text to be analyzed.

Analysis of Profit from a Practical Point of View

1914 ◽  
Vol 1 (04) ◽  
pp. 5-10
Author(s):  
Reginald C. Simmonds
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Practical Point ◽  
New Business

In the following remarks:—P means Office Premiums.π means Net Premiums.D means Claims, Surrenders and similar outgo.E means Expenses and Commission.imeans Earned rate of interest.imeans Valuation rate of interest.ϕ means Loading,i.e., P –π either for a particular policy or for the whole business.1. Surplus is the balance ofestimatedassets overestimatedliabilities, and is therefore dependent upon the valuation assumptions. Some valuation gains or losses are not real,e.g.:—(a) Strain of new business.(b) Mortality profit (this is usually quite fictitious).(c) Interim Bonuses.

scholarly journals Evaluating Microarray-based Classifiers: An Overview

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. CIN.S408 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.-L. Boulesteix ◽  
C. Strobl ◽  
T. Augustin ◽  
M. Daumer
Keyword(s):  
Variable Selection ◽  
Error Rate ◽  
Classification Accuracy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Class Prediction ◽  
Practical Point ◽  
Classifier Evaluation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Accuracy Measures ◽  
Validation Strategy

For the last eight years, microarray-based class prediction has been the subject of numerous publications in medicine, bioinformatics and statistics journals. However, in many articles, the assessment of classification accuracy is carried out using suboptimal procedures and is not paid much attention. In this paper, we carefully review various statistical aspects of classifier evaluation and validation from a practical point of view. The main topics addressed are accuracy measures, error rate estimation procedures, variable selection, choice of classifiers and validation strategy.

scholarly journals Stratagem Rationality of Traditional China

2018 ◽  
pp. 38-50
Author(s):  
Andrey Krushinskiy
Keyword(s):  
Winning Strategy ◽  
Cognitive Status ◽  
Strategic Thinking ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Moral Metaphysics ◽  
The Future ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Existential Choice ◽  
Classical Image

For a long time, leading European thinkers have denied systematic, theoretical and rational nature of Chinese traditional thinking, unpretentiously reading it as banal moralizing (“moral philosophy,” at best – “moral metaphysics,” etc.), not supported by any proper philosophical discourse. However, the habitual socioethical label conceals a much deeper problematic of strategic thinking. At its center, there is the question of choosing all sorts of strategies: from everyday life to special technical ones, from personal existential choice to fateful state decisions. The concept of a winning strategy is emblematized by the dramatic plot of a deadly risk (“stepping on a tiger’s tail”) but under certain conditions with guaranteed happy end. The strategy of harmony (he 和), which is miraculous in its effectiveness, is proposed as a exemplary strategy. It allows you to “step on the tiger’s tail” with impunity (lü hu wei履 虎尾). From the point of view of strategic thinking, the criterion of cognitive value of reasoning is its effectiveness (in the context of a particular game), and the most effective is unmistakable prediction, i.e. the ability to predict the outcome of future developments with the help of reasoning. In the ideal case (under certain conditions), prognostic reasoning becomes not just plausible but 100% reliable that is an apodictic true inference. Therefore, the highest cognitive status in the Chinese intellectual tradition is endowed with guaranteed error-free prognostic reasoning. This type of reasoning, where the reliability of foresight is guaranteed by the implementation of a certain winning strategy, can be called the prognostic form of deduction. As a result, the dynamism of Chinese logic, which relies on a deliberate staging of the future (sometimes with the help of stratagems of varying degrees of cunning), is strikingly different from the static nature of the classical image of logic (both traditional and modern), where logic is no more than a static guardian of correctness of reasoning. On the contrary, the Chinese concept of logic focuses on deriving consequences from strategic considerations regarding the future, actively and purposefully shaped by the subject who at the same time constructing both himself and the world around him.

Microstructure of highly dense Ba2YCu3O7-δ superconductive materials

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 188-189
Author(s):  
K. Park ◽  
T. Yamamoto ◽  
M. Green ◽  
T. Hasegawa ◽  
K. Kishio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transition Temperature ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Superconducting Transition Temperature ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Boiling Temperature ◽  
Superconducting Transition ◽  
Practical Point ◽  
The Subject

Since the breakthrough discoveries by Bednorz and Muller and Wu et al., superconductivity in Cu-O based ceramic materials has been the subject of tremendous research and development interest. In particular, the Ba2YCu3O7-δ type oxide is very important from a practical point of view, since it has a superconducting transition temperature (Tc) around 90K, which is above the liq. N2 boiling temperature.

RECONCILIATION ON THE DECISION ON ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (XXI) ◽  
pp. 85-96
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Dobrowolski
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Public Participation ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Practical Point ◽  
Administrative Procedure ◽  
Environmental Impact Assessments ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Detailed Interpretation

The subject of this article is the analysis and detailed interpretation of the provisions of the Act of 3 October 2008 on the provision of information about the environment and its protection, public participation in environmental protection and environmental impact assessments (Journal of Laws of 2020, item 283) concerning reconcilation decisions on environmental conditions. The issues discussed in the article are important both from the theoretical and practical point of view. It refers to the continuous development of a specific administrative procedure, which is the “procedure in environmental matters”. The practice of applying the above-mentioned provisions is also important. Environmental impact assessments play a key role in the investment proces.

scholarly journals XXXVIII. Experimental researches on the strength of pillars of cast iron from various parts of the Kingdom

1857 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
pp. 851-899
Keyword(s):  
Cast Iron ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Practical Point ◽  
Large Size ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Experimental Researches

Having in the year 1840 offered to the Royal Society an extensive research upon this subject, which was honoured with the kindest notice of the Society, I felt grateful for the reception it had met with; and though in its preparation it had occupied my leisure time for some years, and contained the results of as many as 277 experiments, which I had made to prove the conclusions arrived at in it, I was still very anxious to improve and extend it. Indeed the importance of the subject would seem to justify every effort I could make for the purpose, when it is considered that a large portion of the houses, warehouses and shops in London, Manchester, Liverpool and throughout the country, depend for their principal supports upon iron pillars, which frequently appear very thin for the weight they have to bear, and being hollow do not allow us to judge from their appearance how small a quantity of metal they have in them, or in other words, whether the building is abundantly strong, or is ready to fall down and crush the persons within it, as has frequently happened to warehouses and other buildings dependent on iron supports. Some of the pillars are made to pass through more than one story, or even are based on the foundation, and support an intermediate floor and the roof. The importance of the subject, in a practical point of view at least, rendered it desirable that a number of pillars of large size should be broken, to obtain data for the application of the principles established in the preceding research; but this was impracticable at that time, notwithstanding the liberality of Mr. Fairbairn, who bore the expense of that inquiry. For by Mr. Fairbairn’s lever then used, more than 18 tons could not be safely applied, and the iron box or frame in which the pillars were broken did not admit pillars of greater length than 7½ feet; but the laborious inquiry in which I was afterwards engaged by Mr. Stephenson, for investigating the properties of the Menai and Conway tubular bridges (that over the Conway in particular), required larger and more powerful apparatus than the preceding, and I can now apply more than three times the pressure formerly used, and break pillars of 10 feet long, and any shorter lengths, with even more accuracy than before.

scholarly journals On the relation of the air and evaporation temperatures to the temperature of the dew-point, as determined by Mr. Glaisher's hygrometrical tables founded on the factors deduced from the six-hourly observations made at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich

1851 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 953-953
Keyword(s):  
Personal Experience ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Dew Point ◽  
Practical Point ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Royal Observatory ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Annual Amount

After pointing out the importance of the hygrometer, both in a scientific and a practical point of view, the author goes into the question of the advantages and disadvantages attending the use of Daniell’s hygrometer, and the relative merits of this instrument and the dry and wet-bulb thermometers. Although satisfied of the accuracy of Mr. Glaisher’s Tables (founded on the Greenwich Observations), which show at once the relation of the temperature of evaporation to that of the dew-point, he was unwilling to abandon the use of Daniell’s apparatus for that of the wet and dry-bulb thermometers, slight as is the trouble of observing them, without personal experience of the correctness of the tables from which the dew-point was to be deduced. He therefore instituted a series of perfectly comparable observations by the two methods, and in this communication gives the results obtained from them during a period of twenty months. From a comparison of the dew-points determined by the two methods, he concludes that the results show in a striking manner the extreme accuracy of Mr. Glaisher’s Tables, and afford additional testimony to the value of the Greenwich Hygrometrical Observations, and the resulting formula on which those tables are founded. The author then refers to the subject of evaporation, and gives the results of his own observations at Whitehaven during six years, viz. from 1843 to 1848 inclusive. From these he states that the mean annual amount of evaporation is 30·011 inches; and the mean quantity of rain for the same period being 45·255 inches, the depth of the water precipitated exceeds that taken up by evaporation, on the coast in latitude 54½°, by 15·244 inches.

I—The Dynamics of Space Flight

1950 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-364
Author(s):  
A. C. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Space Flight ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Present Moment ◽  
Space Travel ◽  
Practical Point ◽  
Engineering Problems ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Interplanetary Navigation

It might reasonably be considered that any discussion of interplanetary navigation at the present moment is slightly premature. So of course it is, from the practical point of view, since no well-informed person seriously imagines that space-travel will be possible for at least twenty or thirty years, despite the colossal efforts which are now being devoted (unfortunately for quite other purposes) to the solution of its engineering problems. Nevertheless the subject is one of peculiar fascination—which is a completely sufficient excuse for discussing it—and the navigation of guided missiles into astronomical space, which will precede the manned exploration of the planets, has of course already begun and will continue on an ever-increasing scale during the next decades.

Reference materials on Byzantine and Old Slavic music and hymnography

1990 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 83-89
Author(s):  
Christian Hannick
Keyword(s):  
Reference Materials ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Medieval Studies ◽  
Technical Aspects ◽  
Practical Point ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Greek Scholar

One of the reasons for the neglect of Byzantine music, liturgy and hymnography within medieval studies undoubtedly lies in the difficulty of comprehending the special terminology. The indices in general accounts such as A History of Byzantine Music and Hymnography by Egon Wellesz (Oxford 1/1949, 2/1961), a work still not surpassed, help only those who are already acquainted with the liturgical practice of the Orthodox Church to find a way into the subject. The booklet by Dimitri Conomos, Byzantine Hymnography and Byzantine Chant (Brookline 1984), which is much more modest in scope, constitutes a suitable introduction. We may therefore applaud the initiative of the Greek scholar Georgios Bergotes, professor at the Ecclesiastical Academy in Thessalonika and author of several works in the area of liturgy and church music, who has compiled a Λεξικò λειτουργικν κα τελετουργικν ὅρων (Lexicon of liturgical and teleturgical terms, Thessalonika 1988). In this introduction to teleturgy Bergotes offers a definition of the two terms liturgy and teleturgy as conceived by the Orthodox Church, which help understand the aims and methods of compilation of the lexicon: ‘In the discipline of liturgy the services and festivals of the orthodox rite are investigated from a historical, archeological and theological standpoint, while the discipline of teleturgy engages the same services or festivals from the practical point of view and in their technical aspects.’

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