scholarly journals Stratagem Rationality of Traditional China

2018 ◽  
pp. 38-50
Author(s):  
Andrey Krushinskiy
Keyword(s):  
Winning Strategy ◽  
Cognitive Status ◽  
Strategic Thinking ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Moral Metaphysics ◽  
The Future ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Existential Choice ◽  
Classical Image

For a long time, leading European thinkers have denied systematic, theoretical and rational nature of Chinese traditional thinking, unpretentiously reading it as banal moralizing (“moral philosophy,” at best – “moral metaphysics,” etc.), not supported by any proper philosophical discourse. However, the habitual socioethical label conceals a much deeper problematic of strategic thinking. At its center, there is the question of choosing all sorts of strategies: from everyday life to special technical ones, from personal existential choice to fateful state decisions. The concept of a winning strategy is emblematized by the dramatic plot of a deadly risk (“stepping on a tiger’s tail”) but under certain conditions with guaranteed happy end. The strategy of harmony (he 和), which is miraculous in its effectiveness, is proposed as a exemplary strategy. It allows you to “step on the tiger’s tail” with impunity (lü hu wei履 虎尾). From the point of view of strategic thinking, the criterion of cognitive value of reasoning is its effectiveness (in the context of a particular game), and the most effective is unmistakable prediction, i.e. the ability to predict the outcome of future developments with the help of reasoning. In the ideal case (under certain conditions), prognostic reasoning becomes not just plausible but 100% reliable that is an apodictic true inference. Therefore, the highest cognitive status in the Chinese intellectual tradition is endowed with guaranteed error-free prognostic reasoning. This type of reasoning, where the reliability of foresight is guaranteed by the implementation of a certain winning strategy, can be called the prognostic form of deduction. As a result, the dynamism of Chinese logic, which relies on a deliberate staging of the future (sometimes with the help of stratagems of varying degrees of cunning), is strikingly different from the static nature of the classical image of logic (both traditional and modern), where logic is no more than a static guardian of correctness of reasoning. On the contrary, the Chinese concept of logic focuses on deriving consequences from strategic considerations regarding the future, actively and purposefully shaped by the subject who at the same time constructing both himself and the world around him.

The Phantom Defense: America's Pursuit of the Star Wars Illusion. By Craig Eisendrath, Melvin A. Goodman, and Gerald E. Marsh. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2001. 216p. $24.95. Ballistic Missile Defense and the Future of American Security: Agendas, Perceptions, Technology, and Policy. By Roger Handberg. Praeger, 2001. 264p. $62.00. Rockets' Red Glare: Missile Defenses and the Future of World Politics. Edited by James J. Wirtz and Jeffrey A. Larsen. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2001. 368p. $28.50.

2002 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 879-880
Author(s):  
David Goldfischer
Keyword(s):  
World Politics ◽  
Ballistic Missile ◽  
Missile Defense ◽  
Star Wars ◽  
Technological Context ◽  
The Future ◽  
Ballistic Missile Defense ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Strategic Defense ◽  
The Subject

As Michael O'Hanlon concludes in his excellent contribution to Rockets' Red Glare: “We should…get used to the debate over ballistic missile defenses. It has been around a long time, and no final resolution is imminent” (p. 132). In one sense, a review of these three recent books makes clear that many analysts had grown a bit too used to positioning themselves in terms of the 1972 ABM Treaty. Preoccupied with arguments over whether the treaty should be preserved, modified, or rewritten in light of a changing strategic and technological context, no one seemed to have anticipated that President George W. Bush would simply withdraw from it, invoking Article XV's provision that either party could withdraw if “extraordinary events related to the subject matter of this Treaty have jeopardized its supreme interests.” Even many strategic defense supporters who deemed the treaty obsolete (as Robert Joseph persuasively maintains in his contribution to Rockets' Red Glare) generally believed that it should only—and would only—be scrapped if negotiations over U.S.-proposed changes broke down. (“The Bush Administration,” surmises O'Hanlon, “will surely try very hard to amend it before going to such an extreme”) (p. 112). In the event, the president's team disavowed even the word “negotiation,” saying they were willing only to “consult” the Russians regarding the treaty's impending demise.

scholarly journals НОВЫЙ ПОВЕСТВОВАТЕЛЬНЫЙ МИР В ТВОРЧЕСТВЕ АКИ МОРЧИЛАДЗЕ

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (8(38)) ◽  
pp. 28-30
Author(s):  
Ната Бердзули
Keyword(s):  
Historical Novel ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Postmodern Literature ◽  
Historical Information ◽  
Narrative Story ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Narrative Function

The narrative dates from a long time ago and the subject of its research was to study fundamental principles of narration.It is so old that the ideas of its structure have been developed in the ancient times. The etymology of the term "narrative", is derived from the Latin and its meaning is narration. This term was emerged in the literary studies as a result of novelist works by Roland Bart, Claude Bremann, Cvetan Todorov and others. In the twentieth century, many theories were created about the narrative, and in the same century, the main analytical components of narrative - story, sound, time, point of view, character, role were established.Narrative can be considered as a feature of postmodernism, because narrative sources take special significance in postmodernism.While researching modern literature a significant function is given to the variety of narrative usages. The aim of the theme is to research the narrative function on the basis of comparative analysis of Aka Morchiladze's creative works.Aka Morchiladze's novels are filled with familiar literary or historical motives, acting people, stories, but itcreates a different reality through narrative or literary plays.The author creates a narrative text based on literary texts and "historical information". Historical information that is used in the text does not correspond to reality, and we, the readers, think that we are about to learn “historical novel” and the narrator is a historian,-not a novelist. Finally, we realize that we deal with the "fake history", allusion of writer's fantasy and literary and historical facts. Therefore, with regards of the presented issues, it is necessary to take into consideration the specificity of postmodern literature and peculiarities of realization of this specificity in Georgian reality. Narrative sources are of particular importance in postmodernism, which is one of the most important elements of the study of the text to be analyzed.

scholarly journals ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE VERSUS PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: LIMITATIONS OF APPLICATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 516-520
Author(s):  
Petr M. Morkhat ◽  
Igor V. Ponkin ◽  
Marina V. Markhgeym ◽  
Vladimir K. Botnev ◽  
Aidyn O. Turganbayev
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
The Future ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Systemic Problems

Purpose of Study: The present study was designed to study possibilities, conditions, grounds and limitations regarding the use of technologies and units of artificial intelligence in public administration. Determinants of the need to use such technologies in public administration were also considered. In this study, directions of realizable engagement which is already implemented, as well as directions of the possible use of artificial intelligence units in the future for public administration were investigated to ensure the functioning of system of state executive bodies. Methodology: The present research carried out based on the application of research methods such as system analysis, synthesis, and classification. Using these research methods, the concepts of describing conditions, possibilities, modes and functional-target load of using technologies and units of artificial intelligence in public administration, as well as limitations of its application in public administration were developed. Results: It was found that the use of artificial intelligence by the state for performing its various own tasks is highly relevant as it might lead to finding many positive approbations. However, despite the fact that technologies and artificial intelligence units have been developed for a relatively long time, and some of them are already widely used, it is still impossible to talk about the integrated, fully tested and properly regulated implementation of this kind of technology and units for management, therefore, it is suggested to further investigate on this issue from a theoretical (prognostic) point of view, taking into account potential directions and possibilities regarding    the use of such technology and units. Implications/Applications: The use of technologies and units of artificial intelligence does not necessarily take into account as a panacea for solving the problems and may not lead to solving some systemic problems in public administration, but, on the contrary, may even aggravate some existing problems in public administration and contribute to the emergence of new problems and risks.

scholarly journals Мотивационная основа устных рассказов осетин Турции

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Vajnerovna Sokaeva
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Oral Narratives ◽  
Behavioural Patterns ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Subject

The modern folklore of the Ossetians who have been living in Turkey for 150 years is nowadays of interests to scholars. It can and should be studied both from the point of view of the elements of structure and poetics preserved in it, and from the point of view of modern motivations. The second aspect is the subject of this article. Our research, based on fieldwork, shows that the motivational basis of contemporary oral narratives and of their behavioural patterns is a statement of fact, its evaluation and a forecast for the future.

On the Annuity Business of British Offices and the Valuation thereof

1909 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-342
Author(s):  
H. J. P. Oakley
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Text Book ◽  
Cause And Effect ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Subject

The subject of Annuities, in relation to the transactions of the Life Offices of this country, has seldom received definite consideration at the meetings of our Institute. An examination of the contents of the Text-Book and of the Index to the Journal furnishes abundant proof of the attention which has been given to the theory, but in regard to the practical working of annuity business, little has of late years been written. The most important contribution in the Journal, from the latter point of view, is that by Mr. G. H. Ryan (read before the Institute seventeen years ago) “On a Method for determining the Gain or Loss from Mortality in an Annuity Company.” Therein reference was made to another contribution by the same author, read before the Actuarial Society of Edinburgh during the Session 1884-5, and published in the first volume of the Transactions of that Society, “On the Several Mortality Tables Employed in the Valuation of Annuity Contracts.” Changes of the utmost importance have taken place during the period which has since elapsed, and it is proposed herein to deal with the cause and effect of such changes, and to gather therefrom some guidance for the future.

Prioritization STEM education. An axiological and teleological perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol X (4 (29)) ◽  
pp. 167-184
Author(s):  
Emilia Grzesiak
Keyword(s):  
Stem Education ◽  
Educational System ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Social Strategies ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Cultural Reality

Contemporaneity is a time of constant changes, heterogeneous needs and growing commitments and aspirations. Transformations do not miss the educational system, which adapts to current needs, objectives and adopted social strategies. This article undertake the subject of education in the fields of STEM. Areas from this group constitute attractive development directions - important from the point of view of the changing conditions of modern reality and potential chances for achieving stable and valuable work in the future. It presents the goals and the importance of STEM education in the context of the constantly changing socio-cultural reality based on current statistical data on the significance of investing in these areas of education and selected forms of popularizing STEM.

Board and CEO practice in modem strategy-making: How is strategy developed, who is the boss and in what circumstances?

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 280-298
Author(s):  
Tim O'Shannassy
Keyword(s):  
Chief Executive ◽  
Strategic Thinking ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Professional Managers ◽  
Track Record ◽  
Regular Cycle ◽  
The Board Of Directors ◽  
Specialist Knowledge ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Strategy Making

AbstractThe interplay of the board of directors (BOD) and the chief executive officer (CEO) in strategy-making has been the subject of some debate in the literature. Some experts argue the BOD should take a strong role in strategy-making while the alternative point of view is that the CEO is the key man or woman. In a qualitative study with 16 interviews of leading Australian industry figures, the CEO is found to be the key player in modern strategy-making. The findings identify how the BOD, individual directors and the CEO can combine to add value to the organization, in particular how these organization members can team up and interact to achieve a faster, more flexible strategy cycle. The modern organization focus needs to be on giving more emphasis to the empowerment, interaction and creativity of the CEO and top management team. The BOD should focus on questioning, criticizing, refining and enabling the strategy proposed by the professional managers. However, the study indicates these findings are subject to exception and variation in relation to factors including specialist knowledge, track record of performance, personality attributes, personal power, and political and influencing skills. The major focus of attention of the BOD and CEO is the strategic-thinking related activities in strategy-making. Strategic planning still has an important role in formalizing strategy content, usually in a regular cycle.

scholarly journals How Good EFL Learners Decrease Their Foreign Language Anxiety: A Solution for the EFL Students with High Anxiousness

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-138
Author(s):  
Ali Wira Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Data Reduction ◽  
Foreign Language Anxiety ◽  
Data Display ◽  
Efl Learners ◽  
Interview Session ◽  
The Future ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Efl Students ◽  
The Subject

This research is aimed to find out the solution of the anxiousness phenomenon that always attacks the EFL Learners particularly in Indonesia. In the future, this research is expected as main information for all students and lecturer or teachers of English to decrease the students’ anxiety in performing speaking. In long time ago until now, it becomes a big problem for all beginner students of English. The implementation of this research starting by doing observation to all class in the sixth semester students to find out some good EFL Learners. Researchers then consulting with the lecturer in determining the students to be the subject of this research. After finding the subject, interview session will be conducted to find out several information about their anxiousness. The data will be collected until limit of saturation. The last step of this research is doing analysis of the data were taken from observation and interview. The researchers will apply data reduction for the first step, the second is data display and the last will be drawing conclusion and verification of the data. The conclusion that being made will be verify by triangulation to get the validity of the result of this research.

Does a Large New Business benefit the Policyholders of a Life Company?

1874 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 335-343
Author(s):  
James R. Macfadyen
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Practical Point ◽  
New Business ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Subject

The question with which I have headed this paper is one that may seem startling enough. It has been so widely taken for granted that a large new business must be an unmixed good to all concerned in a life company, that to debate whether it be so or no, will seem in the eyes of many to be a very idle thing. And yet, though I have been considering the subject for a long time, I cannot answer the question unhesitatingly in the affirmative. In saying this, it ought to be pointed out, that the matter is regarded from a purely practical point of view. The problem is not ought a large new business to benefit policyholders? but, as a matter of fact, does it? Even if the question were answered in the negative, it would not follow that no new business, or an insufficient quantity of it, would better suit the interests of the policyholders. Waste must be supplied, and a certain degree of magnitude maintained in life companies.

scholarly journals Trajan and the revolt of Antonius Saturninus

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-328
Author(s):  
Victor Nikolaevich Parfyonov
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Military Leaders ◽  
The Future ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Military

The article points out that the starting positions of the young native of the Spanish city of Italica were provided by his father, a prominent follower of the Flavian dynasty, who became a consul, a patrician and, yes, was awarded a rare and prestigious award-the triumphal distinctions for the governorship in Syria. The future emperor himself held the position of military tribune for an unusually long time, which provided him with a career in the professional military ( vir militaris ). However, although Trajan the younger, after the military tribunate, passed all the necessary steps of the civil magistracies, up to and including the praetura, instead of the patrician consulship, he receives the unusual appointment of commander of the legion stationed in the province of Hispania Tarraconensis. From the authors point of view, this designation, despite its external lack of prestige, was a sign of special trust on the part of the bearer of supreme power. When a military revolt broke out on the Rhine in early 89, led by the governor of Upper Germany, Antonius Saturninus, Trajan, on the orders of the Emperor Domitian, immediately moved with his legion to campaign against the rebels. The zealous execution of the order allowed him to become one of the most trusted military leaders of Domitian. Trajan may have confirmed in the eyes of the emperor his reputation as a loyal and energetic supporter of the Flavian dynasty by taking part in punitive measures against the minuscule legions. About Trajans subsequent career in the surviving sources is silent, which makes it suspect that he was carrying out new government assignments of the tyrant. By the time of the dynastic crisis of 96-98. Trajan undoubtedly had a reputation as a recognized vir militaris , a major military and administrator.

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