scholarly journals The isotopic record of oxygen in phosphates of fossil fish - Devonian to Recent

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 171-171
Author(s):  
Yehoshua Kolodny ◽  
Boaz Luz
Keyword(s):  
Isotopic Composition ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Thermal Structure ◽  
Small Variation ◽  
Isotopic Analysis ◽  
Fresh Water Fish ◽  
Altitude Effect ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Fluor Apatite

The isotopic composition of oxygen in the phosphate (δ18Op)was determined in 159 fish bones and teeth from museum collections throughout the world. The fossils were both marine and fresh-water ranging in age from the Devonian to the Recent. In 45 of those we also determined the isotopic composition of oxygen and carbon of the lattice carbonate in apatite (δ18Oc and δ13C). In most cases the isotopic results are compatible with previously available geological information: the difference between marine and fresh water, the indication of previously known warm and cold time periods, and the ranking of fishes from warm to cold according to their inferred life habitat.Three fish specimen from the Devonian of the Orcadian Basin in Scotland yield results which are compatible with the thermal structure of a stratified lake. The isotopic analysis of Inocentrus vulgaris, a fish found inside Cretaceous inoceramids, yields normal marine δ18Op. Hence we favor the suggestion of Tourtelot and Rye (1969) that 18O depleted inoceramids did not deposit their shells in isotopic equilibrium with sea water.The relationship between δ18Op and δ18Oc suggests early diagenetic replacement of an originally phosphatic phase by carbonate fluor apatite (CFA). This conclusion is in accord with REE studies of fish fossils. The correlated latitudinal variation in δ18O of meteoric water and temperature should result in a small variation of δ18Op in fresh water fish. The large range in δ18Op of Recent fish is the outcome the “altitude effect” (Dansgaard, 1964) i.e. of the existence of Recent high altitudes, and sharp morphological gradients.

Water and Food in Developing Countries in the Next Century

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Yudelman
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Weight Of Evidence ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Persian Gulf

The world’s supply of water is fixed. It is estimated that 97% of the world’s water exists in the oceans, 2.2% exists as ice and snow, mostly in the polar regions, and only about 0.7% of the total supply is the freshwater that sustains mankind, including the global agricultural system. This quantity of freshwater — around 40,500 km3 — which is the difference between precipitation and evapotranspiration, is continuously replenished by nature’s hydrological cycle. Most climatologists and hydrologists agree that there is no natural process short of climate change, especially global warming, that can increase the world’s rainfall and so the supply of freshwater. The greater the warming, the larger the expected increase in precipitation. One “simple level of analysis” suggests that global warming of 30° C could well lead to a 10% increase in evaporation and an average increase in precipitation of 10%. The biggest increases would be at high latitudes, smaller increases would occur close to the equator (Gleick, 1992). The weight of evidence suggests that this is unlikely to happen within the next several decades (Rosenzweig, 1994). It is an open question, though, as to what might happen in the second half of the next century. There are some manmade processes that can increase the supply of fresh water. One of the most important of these is the conversion of saline water from the ocean into fresh water by removing salt through desalinization or by filtration. Thus far, however, the processes that have been developed are highly energy intensive and costly; the plants presently in operation are mostly in the oil-rich, water-poor nations of the Persian Gulf. It is estimated that there are more than 11,000 desalting plants operating worldwide, but together they produce less than 0.2% of the world’s total fresh water (Postel, 1991). The costs of desalting sea water range currently from about $0.80 to $1.60 m-3, and costs of treating brackish water are about $0.30 m -3, well above the costs of fresh water used for irrigation (Wolf, 1996).

Oxygen Consumption of the Euryhaline Fish Aholehole (Kuhlia sandvicensis) with Reference to Salinity, Swimming, and Food Consumption

1972 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Muir ◽  
A. J. Niimi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Swimming Activity ◽  
Daily Ration ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fish Weight ◽  
The Difference

Active and standard metabolism of Kuhlia sandvicensis increase with fish weight to a power of about 0.8 and active is nine times standard. No significant difference was found between experiments in fresh water and 30‰ sea water at 23 C. At low swimming speeds the fish may be unable to physically take up as much oxygen as at higher speeds. Swimming activity may be essential to circulatory adequacy.Elevated oxygen consumption lasted for 42 hr following a ration of 2.3% of body weight and for 60 hr after one of 4.5%. It amounted to about 76 mg O2/g ration, equivalent to about 16% of the energy of the ration, in both cases. For a nonswimming fish the highest oxygen consumption observed following the maximum daily ration is no more than half of the difference between active and standard rates.

Effects of Formalin on Length and Weight of Fishes

1963 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1441-1455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert R. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Fresh Water Fish ◽  
Rates Of Change ◽  
Water Fish ◽  
And Storage

Sockeye smolts, pink and chum fry, and pink and chum fingerlings (Oncorhynchus) were sequentially weighed and measured when alive and after death in water and after killing and storage in formalin up to 225 days. The fish shrank within 12 hours to 97% and by 30–40 days to 96% of live length. Further changes in length were not significant. These same relative changes were observed from fish of different sizes, and the values were not significantly different among groups preserved in formaldehyde solutions of fresh or sea water. In fresh water, fish gained weight while yet alive but under anaesthesia. In freshwater formalin, fish gained weight rapidly for 1 or 2 days, then lost weight at a decelerating rate to the time of last measurement. Fish killed and stored in salt water formalin lost weight for the first few days, then gained weight at a decelerating rate. Relative magnitudes and rates of change were inversely related to size of specimens contained in the sample. These changes had pronounced effects on relative condition factors which varied from 97 to 135% of live values depending upon size of fish, type of formalin and time in preservative.

scholarly journals The Chemical Changes which occur in Samples of Excretally Polluted Water under Certain Specified Conditions

1923 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 220-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Frederick
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Chemical Changes ◽  
The Difference

The chemical changes which occur in the dissolved solids of sewage on discharge into sea-water have been investigated by several workers (see references 1–11). Some observation on the difference of these changes to those occurring in polluted fresh water have been made by Letts and Richards (6,11). In regard to waters whose saline composition is not such as to preclude their admissibility for potable purposes on this account, Liversidge(12) has made a brief communication on the variation in the free and albuminoid ammonia.

scholarly journals Utilization of Sea Water to Production of Concrete in Terms of Mechanical Behavior

2021 ◽  
Vol 921 (1) ◽  
pp. 012068
Author(s):  
Mansyur ◽  
A A Amiruddin ◽  
H Parung ◽  
M W Tjaronge ◽  
M Tumpu
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Calcium Hydroxide ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
No Formation ◽  
Friedel’S Salt ◽  
Immersion Period ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mixing Water

Abstract Supplies of fresh water in everyday life has increased, but the smaller the potential sources of water so we need to think of alternative uses of water for concrete construction work. This study aims to compare the compressive strength of concrete using sea water and fresh water with water cement ratio of 0.37. An experimental research was conducted by making specimens of concrete cylinder with a diameter of 150 mm and height of 300 mm. The study used specimens of concrete using sea water and fresh water. There were 32 specimens for each kind of concrete. The treatment of each specimen used sea water and fresh water in accordance with the type of mixing water. The immersion periods were 1, 3, 7 and 28 days. Mechanical testing of concrete was conducted by testing the compressive strength and elasticity, while the testing of concrete microstructure was conducted by using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scan Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results revealed that in the 28-day immersion period. The compressive strength values of the sea water concrete and fresh water concrete were 44.88 MPa and 44.03 Mpa respectively. The difference of compressive strength in the two types of concrete was not significant. The result of microstructure test in the 28-day period revealed that in the sea water concrete, there was a formation of Friedel’s salt (3CaO.Al2O3.CaCl2.10H2O) of 7.71%, tobemorite (3CaO.2SiO2.3H2O) of 58.66% and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) of 6.18%. In the fresh water concrete, there was a formation of tobermorite (3CaO.2SiO2.3H2O) of 51.35%, and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) of 22%. There was no formation of Friedel’s salt in the fresh water concrete because there was no mutual reaction between chloride and calcium hydroxide elements. From the regression analysis, showed that the difference of microstructure compressive strength differences caused by differences in the microstructure of the content of the two types of concrete.

Observations on the Migratory Movements of Salmonidæ during the Spawning Season

1899 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
W. L. Calderwood
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Spawning Season ◽  
Fresh Water Fish ◽  
Salmon River ◽  
Water Fish ◽  
The Common ◽  
Migratory Movements

The fact that the salmon comes from the sea and spawns in the river has induced the supposition that this fish ascends the river only for the purpose of spawning. That the supposition is not always justifiable seems, however, sufficiently shown by the fact that clean-run salmon with undeveloped reproductive organs may be found in fresh water during the spawning season, and indeed at any season of the year, and also by the fact that a spring run of fish is usual. “When we regard the head waters of many of our rivers as localities for the natural propagation of the salmon, we find, however, that, except at the spawning season, adult fish are never present. When, at the same time, we remark that the fish which ascend to those waters during the winter months are all sexually ripe, we may fairly conclude that the fish are impelled to migrate to those head waters for the express purpose of spawning.It has been said that the shads (Clupea allosa, and C. finta) and the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) are examples of fishes which have a spawning habit analogous to that of the salmon, since they also ascend rivers for the purpose of propagating their species. Their habit is, however, more analogous to that of the comparatively few salmon which penetrate at once to head streams and tributaries, than to the fishes which inhabit the lower reaches of a salmon river. They ascend for a limited period only, and seek again the salt water whenever the operation of spawning is completed. They are marine fishes which spawn in fresh water. The common eel may be taken as an example of a fresh water fish which spawns in sea water.

scholarly journals Adaptations to a Terrestrial Existence by the Robber Crab Birgus Latro: VI. The Role of the Excretory System in Fluid Balance

1990 ◽  
Vol 152 (1) ◽  
pp. 505-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER GREENAWAY ◽  
H. H. TAYLOR ◽  
S. MORRIS
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Fluid Balance ◽  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Urine Flow ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Drinking Rate ◽  
The Difference

Primary urine is formed by filtration in the antennal organ of Birgus latro L. Urine isosmotic with the haemolymph is released into the anterior branchial chambers where substantial reabsorption of water and ions may occur. Some of the branchial fluid is ingested and the remainder (final excretory fluid, P) is released. Crabs supplied with fresh water have a low drinking rate (1.82 ml 100 g−1 day−1). Primary urine is partially reabsorbed (27%) in the antennal organ and urine flow (4.48 ml 100 g−1 day−1) is significantly lower than filtration rate (5.77 ml 100 g−1 day−1). The volume of P released is small in crabs drinking fresh water (0.45 ml 100 g−1 day−1) and the fluid is dilute (≈25 mmol l−1 NaCl). The difference between P flow and drinking rate (1.37 ml 100 g−1 day−1) represents evaporative and faecal water losses. Provision of saline drinking water (300, 600 or 1000 mosmol kg−1 sea water) doubles rates of drinking, filtration and urine flow and increases P flow fourfold. Evaporative/faecal water loss remains constant. Reabsorption of salts from the P rapidly decreases when saline media are provided for drinking.

DESCRIPTION OF CIRCUMONCOBOTHRIUM SINGHII N.SP. FROM CLARIAS BATRACUS OF SAVITRI RIVER AT DAPOLI DISTRICT RATNAGIRI (M.S.) INDIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
R.R. DANDAWATE
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Fresh Water Fish ◽  
Water Fish

Present paper deals with study of cestode parasites of genus Circumoncobothrium from fresh water fish Clarius batracus at Savitri river, (Dapoli) for the percentages of infection occurance during summer season,minimum during winter and tolarate during rainy season.The parasite mainly infected the intestine of host and fed on nutrients from digested food. It completed its life cycle in the intestine of host. By camparing different characters of it to identify that the species is new

PREVALENCE OF PSEUDOINVERTA ORAIENSIS IN FRESH WATER FISH, CLARIAS BATRACHUS

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
ADITYA NARAYAN
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Clarias Batrachus ◽  
Fresh Water Fish ◽  
Water Fish

The present investigation deals with the prevalence of infection of cestode, Pseudoinverta oraiensis19 parasitizing Clarias batrachus from Bundelkhand Region (U.P.) India. The studies were recorded from different sampling stations of Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh. For this study 360 fresh water fish, Clarias batrachus were examined. The incidence of infection, monsoon season (17.50%) followed by winter season (20.00%) whereas high in summer season (30.00%).

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