scholarly journals The Great Migration and Residential Segregation in American Cities during the Twentieth Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Leibbrand ◽  
Catherine Massey ◽  
J. Trent Alexander ◽  
Katie R. Genadek ◽  
Stewart Tolnay
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Great Migration ◽  
The South ◽  
Racial Residential Segregation ◽  
The North ◽  
The Great Migration ◽  
The Individual ◽  
American Cities

ABSTRACTThe Great Migration from the South and the rise of racial residential segregation strongly shaped the twentieth-century experience of African Americans. Yet, little attention has been devoted to how the two phenomena were linked, especially with respect to the individual experiences of the migrants. We address this gap by using novel data that links individual records from the complete-count 1940 Census to those in the 2000 Census long form, in conjunction with information about the level of racial residential segregation in metropolitan areas in 1940 and 2000. We first consider whether migrants from the South and their children experienced higher or lower levels of segregation in 1940 relative to their counterparts who were born in the North or who remained in the South. Next, we extend our analysis to second-generation Great Migration migrants and their segregation outcomes by observing their location in 2000. Additionally, we assess whether second-generation migrants experience larger decreases in their exposure to segregation as their socioeconomic status increases relative to their southern and/or northern stayer counterparts. Our study significantly advances our understanding of the Great Migration and the “segregated century.”

Residential Segregation at the Dawn of the Great Migration: Evidence from the 1910 and 1920 Census

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Hyun Hye Bae ◽  
Lance Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Full Range ◽  
The United States ◽  
Great Migration ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
The Great Migration ◽  
Historical Accounts ◽  
American Cities

Abstract The second decade of the twentieth century is viewed as the pivotal period for ghetto formation in the United States. This decade witnessed the onset of the Great Migration and it was during this time that modern ghettos, massive agglomerations of tens of thousands of Blacks and virtually only Blacks, became visible. Despite the importance of this period for ghetto formation and the subsequent segregation experienced by Blacks, our understanding of the dynamics of segregation during this period is incomplete. We utilize recently released fine-grained census data to present a more precise and complete picture of segregation in American cities in the second decade of the twentieth century and in doing so make several contributions to the historical literature on residential segregation. First, we document how segregation varied across the full range of American cities, including Southern and smaller cities overlooked in most historical accounts. Second, we assess how the influx of Southern Black migrants into Northern cities was related to increasing segregation. Third, we ascertain the role of Blacks’ socioeconomic status in determining proximity to Whites. Fourth, we examine racial zoning’s impact on segregation. Finally, we consider how the presence of immigrants in a city was related to the residential segregation experienced by Blacks. This research thus adds to the literature on residential segregation by providing more reliable estimates of the degree of residential segregation experienced by Blacks at the beginning of the Great Migration as well as exploring other factors associated with varying levels of segregation at that time.

scholarly journals The Impact of the Great Migration on Mortality of African Americans: Evidence from the Deep South

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 477-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan A. Black ◽  
Seth G. Sanders ◽  
Evan J. Taylor ◽  
Lowell J. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Great Migration ◽  
Deep South ◽  
Rural South ◽  
Us History ◽  
The North ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Great Migration ◽  
The Impact

The Great Migration—the massive migration of African Americans out of the rural South to largely urban locations in the North, Midwest, and West—was a landmark event in US history. Our paper shows that this migration increased mortality of African Americans born in the early twentieth century South. This inference comes from an analysis that uses proximity of birthplace to railroad lines as an instrument for migration. (JEL I12, J15, N31, N32, N91, N92, R23)

The Exodus Train

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arna Bontemps
Keyword(s):  
Great Migration ◽  
The South ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
The North ◽  
Promise Land ◽  
The Great Migration ◽  
The Many ◽  
Chicago Defender

This chapter focuses on the Chicago Defender's role in sparking the Great Northern Drive mainly through advertisements that announced the many employment opportunities in the North for those willing to make the journey. The Great Migration reached epic proportions by 1917. The legend of the Great Northern Drive spread rapidly months before the appointed date, May 15, 1917. The exodus from the South was helped along by such poems as W. E. Dancer's “Farewell—We're Good and Gone” and William Crosse's “The Land of Hope.” This chapter considers the use of “Farewell—We're Good and Gone,” “Bound for the Promise Land,” and “bound to the land of Hope” as slogans often chalked on the sides of special trains carrying exodusters on their way to the North as well as the efforts of local authorities to divert or halt the Negro migrants.

Travel with the “giants” of the Harlem Renaissance

2022 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia Leigh Wadlington ◽  
Janet Strickland ◽  
Natasha N. Ramsay-Jordan ◽  
Andrea Smith
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Harlem Renaissance ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
Great Migration ◽  
The South ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Black Artists ◽  
The North ◽  
The Great Migration ◽  
The Harlem Renaissance

PurposeHarlem Renaissance Party by Faith Ringgold follows a young boy and his uncle as they visit the “giants” of the Harlem Renaissance. Lonnie and Uncle Bates travel through Harlem to meet historical figures, such as W.E.B. Du Bois, Langston Hughes, Madam CJ Walker and others. They also visit historical venues where Black artists performed. Such venues included the Cotton Club, the Harlem Opera House and the Schomburg Library.Design/methodology/approachAs students study the end of the Civil War and the early 1900s, they should learn about the causes of the Great Migration that led Black artists to flee from the south to larger cities in the north. In addition, Jim Crow Laws and other discriminatory practices prevented Black artists from performing their crafts. The Harlem Renaissance has had lasting effects on arts, music, literature and dance. In addition, students should use credible sources to gather information and documents about historical events and people.FindingsThese inquiry-based activities also integrate arts education and history to reach diverse student populations as they gain meaningful experiences interacting with authentic documents.Originality/valueAs students study the end of the Civil War and the early 1900s, they should learn about the causes of the Great Migration that led Black artists to flee the south to larger cities in the north. In addition, Jim Crow Laws and other discriminatory practices prevented Black artists from performing their crafts.

PERCEPTIONS OF RACE AND REGION IN THE BLACK REVERSE MIGRATION TO THE SOUTH

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Pendergrass
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Physical Distance ◽  
Racial Prejudice ◽  
Economic Opportunity ◽  
The South ◽  
Racial Residential Segregation ◽  
Reverse Migration ◽  
The North

AbstractThis study examines how African Americans perceive and manage race and region as they migrate to the U.S. South—a region with a tenuous image of racial prejudice. The analysis is juxtaposed to literature that provides an inconsistent view of regional differences in prejudice. Some researchers argue that regional differences in levels of prejudice are now small, while other researchers argue that the South continues to be a place of much greater racial hostility. Guided by a spatial boundaries approach and using 127 narrative interviews with Black interregional migrants to Charlotte, North Carolina, results indicate that Black migrants focus less on levels of racial prejudice across regions and focus more on six dimensions of everyday racism they consider during migration. These dimensions include—the overtness/subtlety of prejudice, verbal and physical harassment, group economic opportunity, physical distance, racial symbols, and paternalism. Among these migrants, there is no consensus that the South is more or less racially hostile than other regions. They perceive most saliently that they are trading more subtle prejudice, higher levels of racial residential segregation, and greater constraints on Black economic opportunity in the North, for more overt prejudice, greater paternalism, and exposure to Confederate symbols in the South. Patterns also emerged in perceptions of regional boundaries based on class, motivation for moving, gender, and generation. Implications for theories of race and regionalism are discussed.

The Villa Item and a Bride's Ordeal

1929 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jocelyn Toynbee
Keyword(s):  
The South ◽  
Important Paper ◽  
The North ◽  
Dwelling House ◽  
South Wall ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
North Wall ◽  
The Right

The paintings in the triclinium of the Villa Item, a dwelling-house excavated in 1909 outside the Porta Ercolanese at Pompeii, have not only often been published and discussed by foreign scholars, but they have also formed the subject of an important paper in this Journal. The artistic qualities of the paintings have been ably set forth: it has been established beyond all doubt that the subject they depict is some form of Dionysiac initiation: and, of the detailed interpretations of the first seven of the individual scenes, those originally put forward by de Petra and accepted, modified or developed by Mrs. Tillyard appear, so far as they go, to be unquestionably on the right lines. A fresh study of the Villa Item frescoes would seem, however, to be justified by the fact that the majority of previous writers have confined their attention almost entirely to the first seven scenes—the three to the east of the entrance on the north wall (fig. 3), the three on the east wall and the one to the east of the window on the south wall, to which the last figure on the east wall, the winged figure with the whip, undoubtedly belongs.

Epilogue

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kendra Taira Field
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
Great Migration ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Great Migration ◽  
Image Fit ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Back To Africa

“Grandpa went back to Africa with Garvey,” my grandmother recalled. I carried this precious refrain into the archives with me. In Garvey’s place, I found Chief Sam, in the black and Indian borderlands of Oklahoma. While the Great Migration had largely displaced the preceding history of black rural emigration at the nadir, so had Garveyism displaced descendants’ memories of the Chief Sam movement. Meanwhile, scholars portrayed the movement as the product of a single charismatic charlatan and his nameless, faceless followers. Relying almost exclusively on U.S. sources and the memories of those “left behind” in an economically depressed and politically repressed Jim Crow Oklahoma, the only book-length study of the movement, written in the 1950s, argued that the Chief Sam movement illustrated “the desperate hopes of an utterly desperate group of people.” The image fit easily with twentieth-century American tropes of black victimhood and criminality....

scholarly journals 3D lithostratigraphic model of the Paleogene of the onshore part of the Moesian Platform (Northeast Bulgaria)

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-36
Author(s):  
Boris Valchev ◽  
Dimitar Sachkov ◽  
Sava Juranov
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Sedimentary Rocks ◽  
Eastern Slope ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Lithostratigraphic Units ◽  
Moesian Platform ◽  
Regional Tectonic ◽  
Model Database ◽  
The Individual

The Paleogene sedimentary rocks in the north-easternmost part of the territory of Bulgaria have been penetrated by numerous boreholes. In terms of regional tectonic zonation, the study area is a part of the onshore sector of the Moesian Platform, which partly includes the South Dobrogea Unit and the easternmost part of the North Bulgarian Dome with its eastern slope. The lithostratigraphy of the Paleogene successions consists of six formal units (the Komarevo, Beloslav, Dikilitash, Aladan, Avren, and Ruslar formations) and one informal unit (glauconitic marker). For compiling an overall conception of the regional aspects (lithology, thickness, spatial distribution, and relationships) of the individual lithostratigraphic units and for illustration of their spatial distribution, a 3D lithostratigraphic model based on reinterpretation of individual borehole sections has been created. The model database was compiled by integration of the original lithological data from 338 borehole sections.

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