scholarly journals Evolution of imidazolinone-resistant weedy rice in Malaysia: The current status

Weed Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
Rabiatuladawiyah Ruzmi ◽  
Muhammad Saiful Ahmad-Hamdani ◽  
Mohamad Zuhair Zainal Abidin ◽  
Nilda Roma Burgos
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
The Body ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Weedy Rice ◽  
Agricultural Industry ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
History Of

Abstract Weedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea or O. sativa complex) has become a severe threat to Malaysian rice (Oryza sativa L.) granaries after the direct-seeding method of rice cultivation was introduced in the late 1980s. Since then, researchers have studied the biology and ecology of weedy rice, and espoused the evolutionary theory of the origin of Malaysian weedy rice. This review paper aimed to synthesize the body of knowledge about weedy rice and the evolution of herbicide-resistant weedy rice in Malaysia. The imidazolinone (IMI) herbicide component of the Clearfield® Production System (CPS) rice package has become among the most effective tools for weedy rice control. However, the sole dependence on this technology and farmers’ ignorance about the appropriate use of IMI herbicides with the CPS rice package have resulted in the evolution of IMI-resistant (IMI-R) weedy rice. This has reduced the efficacy of IMI herbicides on weedy rice, ultimately nullifying the benefit of CPS rice in affected fields. At present, it is assumed that IMI-R weedy rice populations are widely distributed across the rice granaries in Malaysia. Therefore, it is important that integrated management measures be adopted comprehensively by Malaysian rice growers to curb the spread of IMI-R weedy rice problem in Malaysia, especially in the fields planted with CPS rice. This review focuses on the biology of Malaysian weedy rice, history of establishment of weedy rice in Malaysian rice fields, impact of herbicide-resistant rice technology on the evolution of IMI-R weedy rice in Malaysia, the distribution of resistant weedy rice populations across Peninsular Malaysian rice granaries, the weedy rice resistance mechanisms, and weedy rice management. The synthesis of all this information is helpful to researchers, policy makers, the private agricultural industry, advisors to farmers, and proactive farmers themselves with the goal of working toward sustainable rice production.

scholarly journals Gene flow from single and stacked herbicide-resistant rice (Oryza sativa): modeling occurrence of multiple herbicide-resistant weedy rice

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 348-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Dauer ◽  
Andrew Hulting ◽  
Dale Carlson ◽  
Luke Mankin ◽  
John Harden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Weedy Rice ◽  
Herbicide Resistant

Nanobiomaterials’ applications in neurodegenerative diseases

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 953-984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Silva Adaya ◽  
Lucinda Aguirre-Cruz ◽  
Jorge Guevara ◽  
Emma Ortiz-Islas
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Therapeutic Drugs ◽  
Circulating Cells ◽  
Parkinson’S Diseases ◽  
History Of ◽  
Therapeutic Compounds ◽  
Cell Material Interactions ◽  
The Brain

The blood–brain barrier is the interface between the blood and brain, impeding the passage of most circulating cells and molecules, protecting the latter from foreign substances, and maintaining central nervous system homeostasis. However, its restrictive nature constitutes an obstacle, preventing therapeutic drugs from entering the brain. Usually, a large systemic dose is required to achieve pharmacological therapeutic levels in the brain, leading to adverse effects in the body. As a consequence, various strategies are being developed to enhance the amount and concentration of therapeutic compounds in the brain. One such tool is nanotechnology, in which nanostructures that are 1–100 nm are designed to deliver drugs to the brain. In this review, we examine many nanotechnology-based approaches to the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. The review begins with a brief history of nanotechnology, followed by a discussion of its definition, the properties of most reported nanomaterials, their biocompatibility, the mechanisms of cell–material interactions, and the current status of nanotechnology in treating Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s diseases, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Of all strategies to deliver drug to the brain that are used in nanotechnology, drug release systems are the most frequently reported.

Status of Weedy Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Infestation and Management Practices in Southern Brazil

Weed Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-35
Author(s):  
Luis A. Avila ◽  
José A. Noldin ◽  
Carlos H. P. Mariot ◽  
Paulo F.S. Massoni ◽  
Marcus V. Fipke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Weedy Rice ◽  
Extension Agents ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Rice Area ◽  
Infestation Status

Abstract Weedy rice (WR) (Oryza sativa L.) is the most troublesome weed infesting rice paddies in Brazil. Several changes have occurred in this region regarding crop management, especially WR control based on the Clearfield™ (CL) Rice Production System launched in 2003. This survey’s objective was to evaluate the WR infestation status by assessing the producers’ perception and the management practices used in southern Brazil after eighteen years of CL use in Brazil. Rice consultants and extension agents distributed a questionnaire with 213 producers in the Rio Grande do Sul (RS) and Santa Catarina (SC) state in the 2018/19 growing season. In RS, most farms are larger than 150 ha, farmers use minimal or conventional tillage, permanent flooding, adopted the CL system for more than two years, use clomazone PRE tank-mixed with glyphosate at the rice spiking stage, and use crop rotation with soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] or pasture. In SC, rice farms are small, averaging from 20 to 30 ha, farmers predominantly plant pre-germinated rice and do not rotate rice with other crops and roguing is practiced. Comparing both states, the CL System is used in 99.5, and 69.3% of the total surveyed rice area in RS and SC, respectively. Imidazolinone-resistant WR is present in 68.4 and 26.6% of rice farms in RS and SC, respectively. Rice cultivation in Brazil is currently coexisting with WR with minimal integration of control methods. However, integrated practices can control this weed and are fundamental to the sustainability of systems based on herbicide-resistant rice cultivars.

scholarly journals Sensitivity to salinity at the emergence and seedling stages of barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli), weedy rice (Oryza sativa), and rice with different tolerances to ALS-inhibiting herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Silvia Fogliatto ◽  
Lorenzo Patrucco ◽  
Marco Milan ◽  
Francesco Vidotto
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Weedy Rice ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Herbicide Resistant

Abstract Salinization is affecting many rice (Oryza sativa L.) areas worldwide and weed infestation, together with the occurrence of herbicide-resistant populations, is further limiting rice yield. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of water salinity on the emergence and seedling growth of five Italian barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.] populations (three sensitive and two resistant to acetolactate synthase–inhibiting herbicides), three Italian weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) populations (all sensitive to imazamox), and two rice varieties (the conventional ‘Baldo’ variety and the imazamox-tolerant ‘CL80’ one). In 2017, seeds were sown in alveolar trays filled with sand, a nutrient solution, and water with the following salt concentrations: 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mM NaCl. Plant emergence (after 15 d), plant height, shoot and root weight, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid content were measured at 40 d after sowing. Echinochloa crus-galli showed a higher tolerance to salinity than O. sativa and rice. All species were affected more at the seedling stage than at emergence. A variable behavior of the herbicide-resistant populations was shown; one resistant E. crus-galli population was affected more by salinity and showed a lower emergence rate (about 20% against 40% emergence of the other populations at the highest salt concentration) and reduced seedling growth, while the other resistant population’s response was similar to that of the sensitive populations. The chlorophyll content increased as the salt content increased in all E. crus-galli populations. The highest emergence and growth reduction in O. sativa were recorded in the imazamox-tolerant rice. Rice and O. sativa were able to grow only up to 50 mM. Echinochloa crus-galli populations are probably favored under saline conditions, while lower infestation by O. sativa can be expected.

Weedy Rice Update in Arkansas, USA and Adjacent Locales

Weed Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-40
Author(s):  
Nilda Roma-Burgos ◽  
Thomas R. Butts ◽  
Isabel S. Werle ◽  
Sunny Bottoms ◽  
Andy Mauromoustakos
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Weedy Rice ◽  
Extension Agents ◽  
County Extension Agents ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Resistance Evolution ◽  
Production Practices ◽  
E Mail

Abstract Weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) is among the most problematic weeds in rice (Oryza sativa L.) production. The commercialization of herbicide-resistant (HR) rice nearly two decades ago provided an effective tool to manage weedy rice; however, resistance evolution and volunteer HR hybrid rice kept weedy rice at the forefront of rice weed control needs. This research aimed to assess the prevalence and severity of weedy rice infestations, identify production practices that may have contributed to an increase in weedy rice, and identify control strategies that may still be effective on weedy rice across Arkansas and adjacent US mid-south locales. Two questionnaires, one for rice growers and consultants and one for County Extension Agents (CEAs), were distributed through e-mail and physical copies in 2020. Thirty-three respondents returned the rice grower (25) and consultant (8) survey representing 26 and seven counties in Arkansas and the Bootheel Missouri area, respectively, as well as four parishes in northeast Louisiana. Eighteen respondents returned the CEA survey. Respondents ranked weedy rice the third most problematic weed in rice, behind Echinochloa spp. and Cyperus spp. The most common infestation levels reported in 78% of fields was less than 12 m−2. Crop rotation (64% growers/consultants, 50% CEAs) and HR rice technology (27% growers/consultants, 50% CEAs) were the top-two most effective methods for weedy rice management, respectively. Tillage and crop rotation practices significantly influenced weedy rice infestation. Rice-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation had the lowest weedy rice infestation compared to monoculture rice and other crop rotation practices. Crop rotation was not practiced on 26% of reported fields, primarily due to poor drainage. The imidazolinone (IMI)-resistant rice technology was still effective (>70% control) in 60% of fields, but quizalofop-resistant rice is needed to control IMI-resistant weedy rice. Overall, weedy rice remains a challenging weed in rice production.

Aspergillus Spondylodiscitis After Spinal Stenosis Surgery: A Case Report

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3 And 4) ◽  
pp. 155-160
Author(s):  
Mohsen Aghapoor ◽  
◽  
Babak Alijani Alijani ◽  
Mahsa Pakseresht-Mogharab ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Lumbar Pain ◽  
Case Presentation ◽  
Delay In Diagnosis ◽  
Death Case ◽  
Therapeutic Results ◽  
History Of ◽  
Probable Diagnosis

Background and Importance: Spondylodiscitis is an inflammatory disease of the body of one or more vertebrae and intervertebral disc. The fungal etiology of this disease is rare, particularly in patients without immunodeficiency. Delay in diagnosis and treatment of this disease can lead to complications and even death. Case Presentation: A 63-year-old diabetic female patient, who had a history of spinal surgery and complaining radicular lumbar pain in both lower limbs with a probable diagnosis of spondylodiscitis, underwent partial L2 and complete L3 and L4 corpectomy and fusion. As a result of pathology from tissue biopsy specimen, Aspergillus fungi were observed. There was no evidence of immunodeficiency in the patient. The patient was treated with Itraconazole 100 mg twice a day for two months. Pain, neurological symptom, and laboratory tests improved. Conclusion: The debridement surgery coupled with antifungal drugs can lead to the best therapeutic results.

Re-imagining Reproduction: Unsettling Metaphors in the History of Imperial Science and Commercial Surrogacy in India

Somatechnics ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalindi Vora
Keyword(s):  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Colonial History ◽  
Women's Bodies ◽  
Commercial Surrogacy ◽  
Art Practices ◽  
History Of ◽  
Travel Industry

This paper provides an analysis of how cultural notions of the body and kinship conveyed through Western medical technologies and practices in Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) bring together India's colonial history and its economic development through outsourcing, globalisation and instrumentalised notions of the reproductive body in transnational commercial surrogacy. Essential to this industry is the concept of the disembodied uterus that has arisen in scientific and medical practice, which allows for the logic of the ‘gestational carrier’ as a functional role in ART practices, and therefore in transnational medical fertility travel to India. Highlighting the instrumentalisation of the uterus as an alienable component of a body and subject – and therefore of women's bodies in surrogacy – helps elucidate some of the material and political stakes that accompany the growth of the fertility travel industry in India, where histories of privilege and difference converge. I conclude that the metaphors we use to structure our understanding of bodies and body parts impact how we imagine appropriate roles for people and their bodies in ways that are still deeply entangled with imperial histories of science, and these histories shape the contemporary disparities found in access to medical and legal protections among participants in transnational surrogacy arrangements.

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