scholarly journals Effects of Cu(II) and Zn(II) on PbO2 Reductive Dissolution under Drinking Water Conditions: Short-term Inhibition and Long-term Enhancement

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiyi Pan ◽  
Greg J. Ledingham ◽  
Jeffrey G. Catalano ◽  
Daniel E. Giammar
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Reductive Dissolution ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Water Conditions

scholarly journals Problems of Bacteriological Pollution in Water Wells in Wadi Hadramout Water Project

2001 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Salem M. Bin Qadhi ◽  
Saeed Y. Bashir ◽  
Taha O. Assaggaf
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Water Project ◽  
Water Wells ◽  
Small Project ◽  
Quality Water

This paper presents an existing problem of drinking water pollution for a small project and one of the model projects of drinking water in Yemen, designed to save and preserve good quality water for the present and future generations in the area. The paper gives the details of the project and explains the problem of bacteriological pollution and the steps undertaken to solve the problem. Some of the results for short-term solutions and recommendation for the long-term solutions are also given. 

Analysing water quality changes due to reservoir management and climate change for optimization of drinking water treatment

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Slavik ◽  
W. Uhl
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Reservoir Management ◽  
Quality Changes ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Reservoir Water ◽  
Catchment Areas

Reservoir water for drinking water production may undergo major short-term and long-term quality changes. These are results of natural processes in the water body and of the water's quality entering and leaving the reservoir. Long term quality changes are due to management of catchment areas, but also to a considerable extent by external impacts like climate change. Short term quality changes are impacted by extreme events like rain storms after drought periods, which might also be a result of climate change. Furthermore, short- and mid-term quality changes are impacted by reservoir management, which also influences the ecological state of rivers downstream the reservoir. The purpose of our work is to develop a decision support tool for reservoir management which takes into account short-, mid- and long-term factors for water quality change. With the tool it is intended to simulate not only water quality, but also management impact on flood risk prevention and drinking water quality (treatment efficiency and costs) and to assist decision making for reservoir management.

Salmonella/Mammalian-Microsome Test to Detect Chemical Mutagens

1978 ◽  
Vol 41 (12) ◽  
pp. 989-995 ◽  
Author(s):  
KRISTIEN E. MORTELMANS
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Ames Test ◽  
Human Feces ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Chemical Mutagens ◽  
Screening Procedures

With few exceptions, chemical mutagens are carcinogens. A number of short-term microbial pre-screening procedures for detection of potential chemical mutagens are now available. One of these, the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome assay (Ames test), has proven to be highly reliable in predicting what chemicals are potential carcinogens. The test is designed primarily to identify which chemicals are mutagens, so that priorities can be established for further testing in long-term animal carcinogenicity studies. This report describes what the Salmonella test is, and how the test has been used as a tool to detect mutagens in our food and drinking water. The usefulness of the test in detecting mutagenic metabolites in human feces and urine is also discussed briefly.

Toxicological Basis for Drinking Water: Unreasonable Risk to Health Values

1992 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-329
Author(s):  
Jennifer Orme Zavaleta
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Health Effect ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Adverse Health Effect ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Health Values ◽  
Population Sensitivity

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) administers the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) to ensure that the water obtained from a public water supply is safe to drink. Under the SDWA, EPA establishes enforceable maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) for contaminants that may have an adverse health effect and are known or anticipated to occur in water. Occasionally, public water supplies are unable to meet the MCL at the time it becomes enforceable. The SDWA allows public water supplies to apply to the State for a temporary variance or exemption from an MCL(s) as long as the concentration of the contaminant(s) exceeding the MCL(s) does not result in an unreasonable risk to human health. EPA has developed guidance to assist States in determining what level above the MCL presents an unreasonable health risk. In developing this guidance, the toxicity exhibited by each regulated contaminant is evaluated individually. Consideration is also given to the available risk assessments (short-term and long-term) for each contaminant, comparing carcinogenic risks with noncarcinogenic assessments. Other factors that may be considered on a contaminant by contaminant basis include for example, past exposure and expected duration of the variance or exemption period, population sensitivity, and volatilization of the contaminant from drinking water.

scholarly journals Potential health risk assessment due to the presence of toxic metals in drinking water from individual wells in the village of Dubravica in the Branicevo district

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-77
Author(s):  
Milos Rajkovic ◽  
Mirjana Stojanovic ◽  
Sladjana Milojkovic
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Water Sample ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Toxic Metals ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
The Village

In order to verify the content of macro- and microelements in drinking water in the village of Dubravica in the Branicevo district, which has no centralized water supply system, an analysis of the water sampled from two individual wells was conducted using the indirect method recommended by Rajkovic and associates. Tests on the RDA and AAS showed that: Al, Fe, Cr, Pb and U were in concentrations higher than the values allowed by Regulations on the hygienic quality of drinking water. To determine the risk of the presence of toxic metals in the elevated concentrations, the assessment of short-term and long-term potential carcinogenic risks was conducted. Based on the results obtained in the tested water samples, it is noticed that the value of the coefficient of risk (CR) was less than 1 for all potentially toxic metals that were determined in drinking water, which implies that there is no short-term carcinogenic potential risk to human health. Based on the results of the long-term potential risk for the occurrence and development of cancer, the risk of getting cancer of Cr was identified in the inhabitants of the village that used potable water of the first sample. In case of Pb, a risk of developing cancer, concerning the first sample of drinking water, may occur in 44 out of 1000 people and regarding the second sample, in 183 out of 1000 people. Based on the calculated estimates of the long-term health risk related to the presence of U in drinking water, it can be seen that there is a health risk related to the use of both water samples. On the basis of the calculated estimates of the long-term health risk related to the presence of uranium in drinking water, it can be noticed that the use of both water samples may lead to the potential risk of developing cancer: in 24.5 inhabitants regarding the first water sample and in 10.3 out of 1000 inhabitants in the case of the second water sample.

scholarly journals Investigating elevated copper and lead levels in school drinking water

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (04) ◽  
pp. 96-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prabjit Barn ◽  
Anne-Marie Nicol ◽  
Sylvia Struck ◽  
Sabrina Dosanjh ◽  
Raymond Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Mitigation Strategy ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Salmon Eggs ◽  
Public Health Officials ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Effects

Copper and lead continue to be detected at levels above drinking water guidelines in Canadian schools. Although water is typically not an important source of these metals, intermittent use and corrosive water can cause copper and lead to leach from plumbing. Exposure to elevated copper levels is linked to acute gastrointestinal effects in the short term and possible liver effects in the long term, whereas even low level lead exposures are associated with neurodevelopmental effects. Because school water is not regularly monitored for corrosion metals, elevated concentrations are often brought to the attention of public health officials through unexpected circumstances. Here, the death of salmon eggs in a classroom aquarium triggered an investigation that found elevated levels of copper and lead in the school's drinking water. The investigation was then expanded to the school district. Copper and lead levels varied considerably across schools as well as in outlets located in the same school. The effectiveness of flushing, which was implemented as a mitigation strategy, was also found to differ by school building and outlet. Actions described in this case report may be informative for health authorities across Canada.

Adverse responses in egg shell quality in late-lay resulting from short-term use of saline drinking water in early- or mid-lay

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 1161 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Balnave ◽  
D. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Shell Quality ◽  
Egg Shell

Three experiments were carried out to determine the long-term responses in egg shell quality when hens were given saline drinking water for only a few weeks either at the start of lay or in mid-lay. Shell quality of eggs from hens given town water containing an additional 2 g sodium chloride (NaCl)/L as drinking water for periods of 5 or 6 weeks prior to 30 weeks of age or between 48 and 53 weeks of age was significantly poorer at the end of lay than shell quality of eggs from hens given town water throughout lay. Apart from these short periods of saline water supply the NaCl-treated hens received town water throughout lay. Shell defects were increased significantly after 55 weeks of age even when no apparent detrimental effects of saline drinking water on shell quality were observed during the period of saline water intake or when the incidence of shell defects returned to normal after the replacement of saline water with town water. The results indicate that the adverse effects of saline drinking water on egg shell quality is of long-term significance, being especially noticeable towards the end of lay.

Stopgap coagulation technology for arsenic removal from rural household drinking water

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-279
Author(s):  
T. Yuan ◽  
J.Y. Hu ◽  
Q.F. Luo ◽  
J.P. Cheng ◽  
S.L. Ong
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Arsenic Removal ◽  
Ferric Sulfate ◽  
Bleaching Powder ◽  
Jar Test ◽  
Water Conditions ◽  
Local Residents ◽  
High Arsenic

This study is intended to develop a stopgap coagulation protocol for immediate health protection of residents exposed to high arsenic from drinking water. The results of a simulated manual jar-test showed that ferric sulfate can maintain a satisfactory arsenic removal efficiency (>95%), and be relatively independent of water conditions. Combining with effective sand filtration, 20, 30, 60 mg/L of ferric sulfate were suitable for removing <0.5, 0.5–1.0, 1.0–2.0 mg/L of As(V), respectively. With decanting (after settling for 8∼10 h), however, ferric sulfate of 60 or 70 mg/L was needed to remove <0.5 or 0.5–1.0 mg/L of As(V), respectively. The removal rates of As(III) could achieve similar levels to that of As(V) once the water samples were pre-oxidized. The javelle water was selected as site applicable oxidant for As(III), although ozone sparging, hydrogen dioxide solution and bleaching powder also showed good performances. It was noted that the stopgap coagulation protocol was readily and acceptable to be applied by the local residents. The makeshift strategy will immediately protect the health of local residents before some kinds of long term and effective ways could be applied. Experiences obtained in this study provide valuable information for other places encountering the arsenic problem in rural drinking water.

scholarly journals Utilization of Groundwater, Spring, and the Surface Water for Drinking Water Service for the People of Surakarta

2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Team PDAM Surakarta
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Production ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Deep Well ◽  
The People ◽  
Production Water ◽  
Two Alternatives

Case study: utilizing the groundwater, water resources, and surface of water to supply the drinking water for the inhabitants is Surakarta. Of the early target at 75%, the supply of drinking water for the inhabitants in Surakarta only achieves 44%. Because of this, the Regional Drinking Water ompany (PDAM) of Surakarta made a decision to: 1) utilize the debit of water production by making a deep well at a capacity of 30 liters a second for a short term, and on the basis of the study of water resource for Surakarta, for a long term; 2) minimize the water loss from 37% to 22%; and 3) fix and extend the network of distribution. In a comprehensive consideration, there are two alternatives to add the debit of water production water: 1) utilazing the water supply at 50 liters a second from Mount Lawu. However, this is not sufficient to supply the drinking water at a capacity of 200 liters a second; and 2) utilizing the water from Colo Dam with the IPA system. This can hopefully fulfill a lack of drinking water supply at 200 liters a second. However, utilizing the natural water from the groundwater must be continued to decrease PDAM’s supply.

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