scholarly journals Virtual Issue on Ion Channels and Ion Permeation

2021 ◽  
Vol 125 (28) ◽  
pp. 7575-7577
Author(s):  
Benoît Roux
Keyword(s):  
Ion Channels ◽  
Ion Permeation

Ion Channel Permeation and Selectivity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan J. Nogueira ◽  
Ben Corry
Keyword(s):  
Ion Channels ◽  
Ion Channel ◽  
Ion Selectivity ◽  
Ionic Currents ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Ion Permeation ◽  
Voltage Gated ◽  
Physical Mechanisms ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Mechanistic Insight

Many biological processes essential for life rely on the transport of specific ions at specific times across cell membranes. Such exquisite control of ionic currents, which is regulated by protein ion channels, is fundamental for the proper functioning of the cells. It is not surprising, therefore, that the mechanism of ion permeation and selectivity in ion channels has been extensively investigated by means of experimental and theoretical approaches. These studies have provided great mechanistic insight but have also raised new questions that are still unresolved. This chapter first summarizes the main techniques that have provided significant knowledge about ion permeation and selectivity. It then discusses the physical mechanisms leading to ion permeation and the explanations that have been proposed for ion selectivity in voltage-gated potassium, sodium, and calcium channels.

scholarly journals A generalized kinetic model describes ion-permeation mechanisms in various ion channels

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Di Wu
Keyword(s):  
Ion Channels ◽  
Kinetic Model ◽  
Patch Clamp ◽  
Cellular Responses ◽  
Ion Permeation ◽  
Patch Clamp Recording ◽  
Boltzmann Factor ◽  
Current Voltage ◽  
Test Voltage ◽  
Generalized Kinetic Model

Ion channels conduct various ions across biological membranes to maintain the membrane potential, to transmit the electrical signals, and to elicit the subsequent cellular responses by the signaling ions. Ion channels differ in their capabilities to select and conduct ions, which can be studied by the patch-clamp recording method that compares the current traces responding to the test voltage elicited at different conditions. In these experiments, the current-voltage curves are usually fitted by a sigmoidal function containing the Boltzmann factor. This equation is quite successful in fitting the experimental data in many cases, but it also fails in several others. Regretfully, some useful information may be lost in these data, which otherwise can reveal the ion-permeation mechanisms. Here we present a generalized kinetic model that captures the essential features of the current-voltage relations and describes the simple mechanism of the ion permeation through different ion channels. We demonstrate that this model is capable to fit various types of the patch-clamp data and explain their ion-permeation mechanisms.

scholarly journals Identification of TMEM206 proteins as pore of PAORAC/ASOR acid-sensitive chloride channels

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Ullrich ◽  
Sandy Blin ◽  
Katina Lazarow ◽  
Tony Daubitz ◽  
Jens Peter von Kries ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Ion Channels ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Chloride Channels ◽  
Anion Channel ◽  
Ion Permeation ◽  
Acid Sensing Ion Channels ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
A Genome

Acid-sensing ion channels have important functions in physiology and pathology, but the molecular composition of acid-activated chloride channels had remained unclear. We now used a genome-wide siRNA screen to molecularly identify the widely expressed acid-sensitive outwardly-rectifying anion channel PAORAC/ASOR. ASOR is formed by TMEM206 proteins which display two transmembrane domains (TMs) and are expressed at the plasma membrane. Ion permeation-changing mutations along the length of TM2 and at the end of TM1 suggest that these segments line ASOR’s pore. While not belonging to a gene family, TMEM206 has orthologs in probably all vertebrates. Currents from evolutionarily distant orthologs share activation by protons, a feature essential for ASOR’s role in acid-induced cell death. TMEM206 defines a novel class of ion channels. Its identification will help to understand its physiological roles and the diverse ways by which anion-selective pores can be formed.

scholarly journals Conserved His-Gly motif of acid-sensing ion channels resides in a reentrant ‘loop’ implicated in gating and ion selectivity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nate Yoder ◽  
Eric Gouaux
Keyword(s):  
Ion Channels ◽  
Ion Selectivity ◽  
Fear Memory ◽  
Amino Terminus ◽  
Ion Permeation ◽  
Structural Explanation ◽  
Cryo Electron Microscopy ◽  
Acid Sensing Ion Channels ◽  
And Function

ABSTRACTAcid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are proton-gated members of the epithelial sodium channel/degenerin (ENaC/DEG) superfamily of ion channels and are expressed throughout central and peripheral nervous systems. The homotrimeric splice variant ASIC1a has been implicated in nociception, fear memory, mood disorders and ischemia. Here we extract full-length chicken ASIC1a (cASIC1a) from cell membranes using styrene maleic acid (SMA) copolymer, yielding structures of ASIC1a channels in both high pH resting and low pH desensitized conformations by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). The structures of resting and desensitized channels reveal a reentrant loop at the amino terminus of ASIC1a that includes the highly conserved ‘His-Gly’ (HG) motif. The reentrant loop lines the lower ion permeation pathway and buttresses the ‘Gly-Ala-Ser’ (GAS) constriction, thus providing a structural explanation for the role of the His-Gly dipeptide in the structure and function of ASICs.

scholarly journals Measuring the Kinetics of Ion Permeation in Low Conductance Ion Channels

2018 ◽  
Vol 114 (3) ◽  
pp. 546a
Author(s):  
Neville P. Bethel ◽  
Sara Capponi ◽  
John M. Rosenberg ◽  
Michael Grabe
Keyword(s):  
Ion Channels ◽  
Ion Permeation ◽  
Kinetics Of

scholarly journals Voltage-dependence of Ion Permeation in Cyclic GMP–gated Ion Channels Is Optimized for Cell Function in Rod and Cone Photoreceptors

2002 ◽  
Vol 119 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsuyoshi Ohyama ◽  
Arturo Picones ◽  
Juan I. Korenbrot
Keyword(s):  
Ion Channels ◽  
Cyclic Nucleotide ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Membrane Voltage ◽  
Rate Theory ◽  
Ion Permeation ◽  
Voltage Range ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Gated Ion Channels

The kinetics of the photocurrent in both rod and cone retinal photoreceptors are independent of membrane voltage over the physiological range (−30 to −65 mV). This is surprising since the photocurrent time course is regulated by the influx of Ca2+ through cGMP-gated ion channels (CNG) and the force driving this flux changes with membrane voltage. To understand this paradigm, we measured Pf, the fraction of the cyclic nucleotide–gated current specifically carried by Ca2+ in intact, isolated photoreceptors. To measure Pf we activated CNG channels by suddenly increasing free 8-Br-cGMP in the cytoplasm of rods or cones loaded with a caged ester of the cyclic nucleotide. Simultaneous with the uncaging flash, we measured the cyclic nucleotide–dependent changes in membrane current and fluorescence of the Ca2+ binding dye, Fura-2, also loaded into the cells. We determined Pf under physiological solutions at various holding membrane voltages between −65 and −25 mV. Pf is larger in cones than in rods, but in both photoreceptor types its value is independent of membrane voltage over the range tested. This biophysical feature of the CNG channels offers a functional advantage since it insures that the kinetics of the phototransduction current are controlled by light, and not by membrane voltage. To explain our observation, we developed a rate theory model of ion permeation through CNG channels that assumes the existence of two ion binding sites within the permeation pore. To assign values to the kinetic rates in the model, we measured experimental I-V curves in membrane patches of rods and cones over the voltage range −90 to 90 mV in the presence of simple biionic solutions at different concentrations. We optimized the fit between simulated and experimental data. Model simulations describe well experimental photocurrents measured under physiological solutions in intact cones and are consistent with the voltage-independence of Pf, a feature that is optimized for the function of the channel in photoreceptors.

scholarly journals A Heuristic Derived from Analysis of the Ion Channel Structural Proteome Permits the Rapid Identification of Hydrophobic Gates

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanlin Rao ◽  
Gianni Klesse ◽  
Phillip J. Stansfeld ◽  
Stephen J. Tucker ◽  
Mark S.P. Sansom
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Ion Channels ◽  
Ion Channel ◽  
Functional State ◽  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Ion Permeation ◽  
Ionic Flux ◽  
Easy Method ◽  
Channel Structures

AbstractIon channel proteins control ionic flux across biological membranes through conformational changes in their transmembrane pores. An exponentially increasing number of channel structures captured in different conformational states are now being determined. However, these newly-resolved structures are commonly classified as either open or closed based solely on the physical dimensions of their pore and it is now known that more accurate annotation of their conductive state requires an additional assessment of the effect of pore hydrophobicity. A narrow hydrophobic gate region may disfavour liquid-phase water, leading to local de-wetting which will form an energetic barrier to water and ion permeation without steric occlusion of the pore. Here we quantify the combined influence of radius and hydrophobicity on pore de-wetting by applying molecular dynamics simulations and machine learning to nearly 200 ion channel structures. This allows us to propose a simple simulation-free heuristic model that rapidly and accurately predicts the presence of hydrophobic gates. This not only enables the functional annotation of new channel structures as soon as they are determined, but may also facilitate the design of novel nanopores controlled by hydrophobic gates.Significance statementIon channels are nanoscale protein pores in cell membranes. An exponentially increasing number of structures for channels means that computational methods for predicting their functional state are needed. Hydrophobic gates in ion channels result in local de-wetting of pores which functionally closes them to water and ion permeation. We use simulations of water behaviour within nearly 200 different ion channel structures to explore how the radius and hydrophobicity of pores determine their hydration vs. de-wetting behaviour. Machine learning-assisted analysis of these simulations enables us to propose a simple model for this relationship. This allows us to present an easy method for the rapid prediction of the functional state of new channel structures as they emerge.

scholarly journals Ion permeation in potassium ion channels

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 326-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leighton Coates
Keyword(s):  
Ion Channels ◽  
Structural Biology ◽  
Isotopic Labeling ◽  
Data Bank ◽  
Potassium Ion ◽  
Selectivity Filter ◽  
Potassium Ion Channels ◽  
Anomalous Scattering ◽  
Ion Permeation ◽  
Giant Squid

The study of ion channels dates back to the 1950s and the groundbreaking electrophysiology work of Hodgin and Huxley, who used giant squid axons to probe how action potentials in neurons were initiated and propagated. More recently, several experiments using different structural biology techniques and approaches have been conducted to try to understand how potassium ions permeate through the selectivity filter of potassium ion channels. Two mechanisms of permeation have been proposed, and each of the two mechanisms is supported by different experiments. The key structural biology experiments conducted so far to try to understand how ion permeation takes place in potassium ion channels are reviewed and discussed. Protein crystallography has made, and continues to make, key contributions in this field, often through the use of anomalous scattering. Other structural biology techniques used to study the contents of the selectivity filter include solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance and two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy, both of which make clever use of isotopic labeling techniques, while molecular-dynamics simulations of ion flow through the selectivity filter have been enabled by the growing number of potassium ion channel structures deposited in the Protein Data Bank.

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