scholarly journals Functional Biochar and Its Balanced Design

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Zhang ◽  
Wenyan Duan ◽  
Hongbo Peng ◽  
Bo Pan ◽  
Baoshan Xing
Keyword(s):  
Balanced Design

Minimizing Carry-Over Effects After Treatment Failure and Maximizing Therapeutic Outcome

2014 ◽  
Vol 222 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mareile Hofmann ◽  
Nathalie Wrobel ◽  
Simon Kessner ◽  
Ulrike Bingel
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Failure ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Subsequent Treatment ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Administration Route ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Negative Experiences ◽  
Analgesic Treatment ◽  
Balanced Design ◽  
Carry Over

According to experimental and clinical evidence, the experiences of previous treatments are carried over to different therapeutic approaches and impair the outcome of subsequent treatments. In this behavioral pilot study we used a change in administration route to investigate whether the effect of prior treatment experience on a subsequent treatment depends on the similarity of both treatments. We experimentally induced positive or negative experiences with a topical analgesic treatment in two groups of healthy human subjects. Subsequently, we compared responses to a second, unrelated and systemic analgesic treatment between both the positive and negative group. We found that there was no difference in the analgesic response to the second treatment between the two groups. Our data indicate that a change in administration route might reduce the influence of treatment history and therefore be a way to reduce negative carry-over effects after treatment failure. Future studies will have to validate these findings in a fully balanced design including larger, clinical samples.

scholarly journals Some Pairwise Balanced Designs

10.37236/1491 ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm Greig
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Basis Sets ◽  
Combinatorial Designs ◽  
Pairwise Balanced Design ◽  
Balanced Design ◽  
Pairwise Balanced Designs ◽  
Balanced Designs ◽  
Block Sizes

A pairwise balanced design, $B(K;v)$, is a block design on $v$ points, with block sizes taken from $K$, and with every pair of points occurring in a unique block; for a fixed $K$, $B(K)$ is the set of all $v$ for which a $B(K;v)$ exists. A set, $S$, is a PBD-basis for the set, $T$, if $T=B(S)$. Let $N_{a(m)}=\{n:n\equiv a\bmod m\}$, and $N_{\geq m}=\{n:n\geq m\}$; with $Q$ the corresponding restriction of $N$ to prime powers. This paper addresses the existence of three PBD-basis sets. 1. It is shown that $Q_{1(8)}$ is a basis for $N_{1(8)}\setminus E$, where $E$ is a set of 5 definite and 117 possible exceptions. 2. We construct a 78 element basis for $N_{1(8)}$ with, at most, 64 inessential elements. 3. Bennett and Zhu have shown that $Q_{\geq8}$ is a basis for $N_{\geq8}\setminus E'$, where $E'$ is a set of 43 definite and 606 possible exceptions. Their result is improved to 48 definite and 470 possible exceptions. (Constructions for 35 of these possible exceptions are known.) Finally, we provide brief details of some improvements and corrections to the generating/exception sets published in The CRC Handbook of Combinatorial Designs.

Behavioral and Brain Responses Highlight the Role of Usage in the Preparation of Multiword Utterances for Production

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
Hyein Jeong ◽  
Emiel van den Hoven ◽  
Sylvain Madec ◽  
Audrey Bürki
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Time Windows ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Balanced Design ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Functional Locus ◽  
Linguistic Representations ◽  
Electrophysiological Signal ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Naming Latencies

Abstract Usage-based theories assume that all aspects of language processing are shaped by the distributional properties of the language. The frequency not only of words but also of larger chunks plays a major role in language processing. These theories predict that the frequency of phrases influences the time needed to prepare these phrases for production and their acoustic duration. By contrast, dominant psycholinguistic models of utterance production predict no such effects. In these models, the system keeps track of the frequency of individual words but not of co-occurrences. This study investigates the extent to which the frequency of phrases impacts naming latencies and acoustic duration with a balanced design, where the same words are recombined to build high- and low-frequency phrases. The brain signal of participants is recorded so as to obtain information on the electrophysiological bases and functional locus of frequency effects. Forty-seven participants named pictures using high- and low-frequency adjective–noun phrases. Naming latencies were shorter for high-frequency than low-frequency phrases. There was no evidence that phrase frequency impacted acoustic duration. The electrophysiological signal differed between high- and low-frequency phrases in time windows that do not overlap with conceptualization or articulation processes. These findings suggest that phrase frequency influences the preparation of phrases for production, irrespective of the lexical properties of the constituents, and that this effect originates at least partly when speakers access and encode linguistic representations. Moreover, this study provides information on how the brain signal recorded during the preparation of utterances changes with the frequency of word combinations.

Balanced Design of Bootstrap Simulations

1990 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Graham ◽  
D. V. Hinkley ◽  
P. W. M. John ◽  
S. Shi
Keyword(s):  
Balanced Design

scholarly journals Polarization-balanced design of heterostructures: Application to AlN/GaN double-barrier structures

2011 ◽  
Vol 84 (24) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristian Berland ◽  
Thorvald G. Andersson ◽  
Per Hyldgaard
Keyword(s):  
Double Barrier ◽  
Balanced Design

Accuracy of the Multiple-Regression Method for Estimating Population-Density in Strip Transects

1986 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 121 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Hone
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Robust Estimation ◽  
Aerial Survey ◽  
Regression Method ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
True Density ◽  
Balanced Design ◽  
Multiple Regression Method

Two experiments examined the accuracy of the multiple regression method for estimating population density. In experiment I , in a balanced design, an observer counted objectsin simulated strip transects. Multiple regression analyses yielded accurate estimates when true density was low, and overestimated density when true density was high. Regression equations calculated at each level of true density varied from linear to quadratic. A simple polynomial model accurately estimated true density. In experiment 2 an aerial survey of sheep showed that estimated density was highly significantly (P <0.001) different from true density. The results suggest that greater use should be made of established criteria for robust estimation of true density in transect studies.

Long-term influence of feeding regime and housing on development of stereotypies in sows

1993 ◽  
Vol 1993 ◽  
pp. 16-16
Author(s):  
Alistair B. Lawrence ◽  
E. M. Claudia Teriouw ◽  
Birte L Neilsen
Keyword(s):  
Physical Restraint ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Balanced Design ◽  
Feeding Regime ◽  
Freedom Of Movement ◽  
Housing Systems ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Time Sampling Technique

Previous work has shown that feeding regime and not physical restraint is a major cause in the development of stereotypies in closely confined sows, (Teriouw et al, 1991). However, this and a previous report on the relationship between feeding regime and stereotypies in sows (Appleby and Lawrence, 1987) have only studied gilts in their first pregnancy. The objective of this present work was to examine longer-term effects of feeding regime and housing on the development of stereotypies in sows.Thirty-two sows (Cotswold Pig Development Co. Ltd, UK) were allocated to either loose (Lo) or tether (Te) housing and to Low (L; 2.5 kg/day) or high (H; 4.0 kg/day) food levels in a balanced design. Apart from social contact and freedom of movement the housing systems were similar including the provision of chains to the loose housed animals. The behavioural response to these treatments was observed over parities 2,3 and 4 using a time sampling technique, and the data analysed by analysis of variance and linear correlation.

scholarly journals Robust inference in risk elicitation tasks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ola Andersson ◽  
Håkan J. Holm ◽  
Jean-Robert Tyran ◽  
Erik Wengström
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Risk Preferences ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Robust Inference ◽  
Balanced Design ◽  
Negative Relation ◽  
Economic Experiment

AbstractRecent experimental evidence suggests that noisy behavior correlates strongly with personal characteristics. Since decision noise leads to bias in most elicitation tasks, there is a risk of falsely interpreting noise-driven relationships as preference driven. This puts previous studies that found a negative relation between personality measures and risk aversion into perspective and in particular raises the question of how to achieve robust inference in this domain. This paper shows, by way of an economic experiment with subjects from all walks of life, that using structural estimation to model heterogeneity of noise in combination with a balanced design allows us to mitigate the bias problem. Our estimations show that cognitive ability is related to noisy behavior rather than risk preferences. We also find age and education to be strongly related to noise, but the personality characteristics obtained using the Big Five inventory are less related to noise and more robustly correlated to risk preferences.

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