The behaviour of Fe, Cu and Zn, added to the upper Tambo River (Victoria, Australia) via a metal-enriched groundwater input, was studied during a period of very low river flow. Water samples were collected over a 1.3-km section of the river located immediately downstream of the spring input. Heavy metals were separated into three fractions (dissolved, colloidal and particulate) using tangential flow filtration. Within the ‘input region’, the pH was low (5.1–5.8) and sulphate (306–359 mg L–1), total Fe (2.81 mg L–1), total Cu (19.7 mg L–1) and total Zn (24.1 mg L–1) concentrations all increased significantly. Subsequently, the total metal concentrations reduced with distance downstream of the input, and approached values similar to those recorded upstream of the input region at the end of the study region. Most of the Fe was oxidised before it entered the river as a thick hydrous iron oxide floc that travelled downstream close to the riverbed. The remaining dissolved Fe (mainly Fe(II)) that entered the river largely controlled the behaviour of Cu and Zn in the ‘active region’ (75–400 m). This Fe(II) was rapidly oxidised to Fe(III), which then removed large amounts of the dissolved Cu (65%) and Zn (55%) into the colloidal fraction. Processes such as settling of particles, dilution by groundwater inputs and sorption of dissolved Cu and Zn onto sediments removed the remainder of the Cu and Zn.
Hydrocarbon-Contamination of Soils: The Potential of Sodium Clays to Decelerate Soil Toxicants