Predictable Effects of Dietary Lipid Sources on the Fatty Acids Compositions of Four 1-Year-Old Wild Freshwater Fish from Poyang Lake

The need of better labelling of fats in processed animal origin products is urgent. The lack of information makes it possible to exclude n-3 fatty acids in preparations of foods. The higher fat content, the higher n-6/n-3 ratio seems to be a rule. It is desirable to broaden the labelling into which oils have been used when foods are processed. The dietary balance of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids is important for homeostasis and normal development in humans. The ratio between n-6/n-3 fatty acids suggested to be evolutionary developed is between 1 and 4. The main conclusion is that the fat sources used during processing and preparation of convenient foods have the largest impact on the food FA content and composition. A proposal is therefore that this should be declared on the product label especially the n-3 FA content. It is also of large importance to increase consumption of freshwater fish fed suitable feeds containing n-3 fatty acids in central Europe to enable a generally lower n-6/n-3 ratio in the human diet. Therefore optimizing feeds to freshwater fish in culture is urgent and important.

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Freshwater Fish Oils: Yields and Composition of Oils from Reduction of Sheepshead, Tullibee, Maria, and Alewife

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada ◽

10.1139/f67-104 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 24 (6) ◽

pp. 1219-1227 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

R. G. Ackman ◽

C. A. Eaton ◽

E. G. Bligh ◽

A. W. Lantz

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Freshwater Fish ◽

Fish Oils ◽

Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽

Alosa Pseudoharengus ◽

Marine Oils ◽

Aplodinotus Grunniens ◽

Reduction Plant ◽

Coregonus Artedii ◽

Arachidonic Acids

Oils were produced from four species of freshwater fish (sheepshead, Aplodinotus grunniens; tullibee, Coregonus artedii; maria, Lota lota; alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus) in a commercial reduction plant. The oil iodine values were, respectively, 123, 143, 158, and 165. Fatty acids were determined by gas–liquid chromatography. All four oils showed higher levels of C16 and C18 fatty acids than corresponding marine oils, but only sheepshead and tullibee had distinctly low levels of C22 acids. The four freshwater oils differed from most marine oils in having higher proportions of linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acids. In most respects fatty acid compositions of freshwater fish oils were not dissimilar from marine oils.

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Studies of the long-term regulation of hepatic pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj3290089 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 329 (1) ◽

pp. 89-94 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

C. Mary SUGDEN ◽

G. D. Lee FRYER ◽

A. Karen ORFALI ◽

A. David PRIESTMAN ◽

Elaine DONALD ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Fold Increase ◽

Membrane Lipid ◽

Dietary Lipid ◽

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase ◽

Plasma Insulin Concentration

The administration of a low-carbohydrate/high-saturated-fat (LC/HF) diet for 28 days or starvation for 48 h both increased pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDHK) activity in extracts of rat hepatic mitochondria, by approx. 2.1-fold and 3.5-fold respectively. ELISAs of extracts of hepatic mitochondria, conducted over a range of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activities, revealed that mitochondrial immunoreactive PDHKII (the major PDHK isoform in rat liver) was significantly increased by approx. 1.4-fold after 28 days of LC/HF feeding and by approx. 2-fold after 48 h of starvation. The effect of LC/HF feeding to increase hepatic PDHK activity was retained through hepatocyte preparation, but was decreased on 21 h culture with insulin (100μ-i.u./ml). A sustained (24 h) 2-4-fold elevation in plasma insulin concentration in vivo (achieved by insulin infusion via an osmotic pump) suppressed the effect of LC/HF feeding so that hepatic PDHK activities did not differ significantly from those of (insulin-infused) control rats. The increase in hepatic PDHK activity evoked by 28 days of LC/HF feeding was prevented and reversed (within 24 h) by the replacement of 7% of the dietary lipid with long-chain ω-3 fatty acids. Analysis of hepatic membrane lipid revealed a 1.9-fold increase in the ratio of total polyunsaturated ω-3 fatty acids to total mono-unsaturated fatty acids. The results indicate that the increased hepatic PDHK activities observed in livers of LC/HF-fed or 48 h-starved rats are associated with long-term actions to increase hepatic PDHKII concentrations. The long-term regulation of hepatic PDHK by LC/HF feeding might be achieved through an impaired action of insulin to suppress PDHK activity. In addition, the fatty acid composition of the diet, rather than the fat content, is a key influence.

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The contribution of foods to the dietary lipid profile of a Spanish population

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1079/phn2002343 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 5 (6) ◽

pp. 747-755 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Gemma Cucó ◽

Joan Fernández-Ballart ◽

Carles Martí-Henneberg ◽

Victoria Arija

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Red Meat ◽

Dietary Lipid ◽

Dietary Guidelines ◽

Spanish Population ◽

Population Census ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

High Consumption

AbstractObjective:To identify the food that has the greatest effect on the variation in the percentage of energy intake derived from fat and saturated fatty acids for the consumption of a Spanish population.Design:A cross-sectional study of food consumption, using the 24-hour recall method for three non-consecutive days, one of which was a non-working day. Subjects were interviewed by trained interviewers in the subjects' homes. We used multiple linear regression for statistical analysis.Setting:The citizens of Reus.Subjects:One thousand and sixty subjects over five years old, randomly selected from the population census of Reus.Results:In both sexes, the foods that mainly determine a high consumption of fat are oil and red meat while those that determine a lower consumption of fat are bread, savoury cereals and fruit. The foods that mainly determine a high consumption of saturated fatty acids are red meat and whole-fat dairy products while those that determine a low consumption are bread, savoury cereals and fruit.Conclusions:In our population, feasible variations in the intake of some foods – less than one portion – would reduce the estimated percentage of energy intake derived from fat and saturated fatty acids by a quantity considered important for cardiovascular disease prevention. The periodic identification and quantification of the food that most affects the dietary fat profile will help in drawing up dietary guidelines with more reasonable strategies for consuming a healthier diet and decreasing the risk of developing nutritional disorders.

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Marine and Freshwater Fish Oil Varying in Arachidonic, Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Acids Differ in their Effects on Organ Lipids and Fatty Acids in Growing Rats

Journal of Nutrition ◽

10.1093/jn/125.9.2286 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 125 (9) ◽

pp. 2286-2293 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

Sheila M. Innis ◽

France M. Rioux ◽

Nancy Auestad ◽

Robert G. Ackman

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fish Oil ◽

Freshwater Fish ◽

Growing Rats ◽

Docosahexaenoic Acids

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Effects of calcium salts of fatty acids on follicular characteristics and several blood parameters in two fat-tailed sheep breeds

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200007870 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 2002 ◽

pp. 131-131

Author(s):

M. J. Zamiri ◽

E. Rowghani ◽

S. M. Ghoreishi

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Plasma Cholesterol ◽

Post Partum ◽

Reproductive Function ◽

Blood Parameters ◽

Dietary Lipid ◽

Ovarian Activity ◽

Corpora Lutea ◽

Luteal Function ◽

Sheep Breeds

There is substantial evidence that the increased consumption of fat by dairy cattle can result in an increase in the number ovarian follicles, and the number and size of corpora lutea; it also stimulates post-partum ovarian activity and improve pregnancy rate. Increased dietary lipid also increases plasma cholesterol and progesterone, and the supply of lipoproteins which play significant roles in regulating ovarian steroidogenesis (Willimas, 1996). In contrast to cattle, there are few observations on the effects of dietary lipid on reproductive function in sheep. Intravascular infusion of lipid into ewes stimulated progesterone and prostaglandin synthesis (Burke et al., 1996), and dietary supplementation of calcium soaps of fatty acids enhanced luteal function (Kuran et al., 1999). Calcium soaps of fatty acids have been manufactured in Iran in recent years and sold under the trade name of Megalac. The aim of the present experiment was to study the effects of this protected fat on follicular number and luteal activity in two fat-tailed sheep breeds.

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