Optimism, Self-Efficacy, and Perceived Stress as Predictors of Self-Reported Health Symptoms in College Students

Abstract. Studies provide support for the notion of increased vulnerability to upper respiratory track infections (URIs) with exposure to psychological stress, but only few have examined whether optimism and self-efficacy might moderate this relationship. The purpose of the present study was to examine (a) the influence of academic exam stress on susceptibility to URIs and (b) the extent to which these personality characteristics buffer against stress-related vulnerability to URIs. Using a repeated-measures design, URI infection status was measured in a sample of 80 college students with self-reports both during an exam period and outside such a period. Results suggested that optimism may protect from the adverse influence of heightened stress and that pessimistic, low self-efficacious participants may be at elevated risk for the development of URIs at times of increased stress.

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Affective Integration Speeds Trait Processing

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.97.3.810-818 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 97 (3) ◽

pp. 810-818

Author(s):

Takashi Nakao ◽

Makoto Miyatani

Keyword(s):

College Students ◽

Personality Trait ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Significant Interaction ◽

Speed Of Processing ◽

Repeated Measures Design ◽

Fan Effect ◽

Students First ◽

Recognition Judgments ◽

Affective Value

We investigated whether affective integration increases the speed of processing of personality trait knowledge. The fan effect was compared between cases where trait knowledge is stored with the affective value and cases where it is not stored with the affective value. 18 college students first memorized a set of traits about fictitious individuals and then made recognition judgments. In the 2 × 2 factorial repeated-measures design, the number of traits learned about a fictitious individual and whether those traits were integrated by a shared affective value were manipulated. The significant interaction showed that knowledge of personality trait with affective integration was processed quickly even if the particular person's memory had rich connections with traits.

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Training in positive behavioural support: increasing staff self-efficacy and positive outcome expectations

Tizard Learning Disability Review ◽

10.1108/tldr-04-2015-0020 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 95-102 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Greg Stocks ◽

Sean Slater

Keyword(s):

Self Efficacy ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Outcome Expectations ◽

Training Model ◽

Training Programme ◽

Positive Outcome ◽

Content Type ◽

Repeated Measures Design ◽

Training Programmes ◽

The Impact

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of a six-and-a-half day, Positive Behaviour Support (PBS) informed training course on staff’s self-efficacy and outcome expectations of managing challenging behaviour (CB). Training programmes for other non-psychology staff were deemed necessary due to the high demand for services and the specialist knowledge held by other professionals or carers. Design/methodology/approach – A repeated measures design was used to capture changes in specific self-efficacy and outcome expectations before and after the training programme. A questionnaire methodology was employed. Findings – Staff self-efficacy and positive outcome expectations increased on all four measured variables following training: understanding of CB, working out the functions of CB, developing and implementing a PBS plan, and managing CB for the benefit of the service user. Research limitations/implications – These findings are considered in light of previous research suggesting an impact on staff practice and burnout. Practical implications – The findings suggest that the training model delivers changes in staff cognition and may be useful in other locations where demand for services is likely to increase in the future. Originality/value – This research considers the impact of a medium length PBS training on staff cognition, evidencing the model’s utility in the current service context.

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Effects of a Family-based Diabetes Intervention on Behavioral and Biological Outcomes for Mexican American Adults

The Diabetes Educator ◽

10.1177/0145721717706031 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 43 (3) ◽

pp. 272-285 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Marylyn Morris McEwen ◽

Alice Pasvogel ◽

Carolyn Murdaugh ◽

Joseph Hepworth

Keyword(s):

Self Efficacy ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

General Health ◽

Self Management ◽

Control Group ◽

Management Support ◽

Repeated Measures Design ◽

Interpersonal Distress ◽

Family Based ◽

Physician Distress

Purpose The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of a family-based self-management support intervention for adults with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Methods Using a 2-group, experimental repeated measures design, 157 dyads (participant with T2DM and family member) were randomly assigned to an intervention (education, social support, home visits, and telephone calls) or a wait list control group. Data were collected at baseline, postintervention (3 months), and 6 months postintervention. A series of 2 × 3 repeated measures ANOVAs were used to test the hypotheses with interaction contrasts to assess immediate and sustained intervention effects. Results Significant changes over time were reported in diet self-management, exercise self-management, total self-management, diabetes self-efficacy for general health and total diabetes self-efficacy, physician distress, regimen distress, interpersonal distress, and total distress. There were likewise sustained effects for diet self-management, total self-management, diabetes self-efficacy for general health, total self-efficacy, physician distress, regimen distress, and interpersonal distress. Conclusions Results support and extend prior research documenting the value of culturally relevant family-based interventions to improve diabetes self-management and substantiate the need for intensive, longer, tailored interventions to achieve glycemic control.

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Power of Modified Brown-Forsythe and Mixed-Model Approaches in Split-Plot Designs

Methodology ◽

10.1027/1614-2241/a000124 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 9-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Pablo Livacic-Rojas ◽

Guillermo Vallejo ◽

Paula Fernández ◽

Ellián Tuero-Herrero

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Statistical Power ◽

Mixed Model ◽

Covariance Structure ◽

Simulation Method ◽

Future Research ◽

Repeated Measures Design ◽

Fixed And Random Effects ◽

Split Plot ◽

High Level

Abstract. Low precision of the inferences of data analyzed with univariate or multivariate models of the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in repeated-measures design is associated to the absence of normality distribution of data, nonspherical covariance structures and free variation of the variance and covariance, the lack of knowledge of the error structure underlying the data, and the wrong choice of covariance structure from different selectors. In this study, levels of statistical power presented the Modified Brown Forsythe (MBF) and two procedures with the Mixed-Model Approaches (the Akaike’s Criterion, the Correctly Identified Model [CIM]) are compared. The data were analyzed using Monte Carlo simulation method with the statistical package SAS 9.2, a split-plot design, and considering six manipulated variables. The results show that the procedures exhibit high statistical power levels for within and interactional effects, and moderate and low levels for the between-groups effects under the different conditions analyzed. For the latter, only the Modified Brown Forsythe shows high level of power mainly for groups with 30 cases and Unstructured (UN) and Autoregressive Heterogeneity (ARH) matrices. For this reason, we recommend using this procedure since it exhibits higher levels of power for all effects and does not require a matrix type that underlies the structure of the data. Future research needs to be done in order to compare the power with corrected selectors using single-level and multilevel designs for fixed and random effects.

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