Child and Adolescent Suicides in Bosnia and Herzegovina Before and After the War (1992–1995)

Crisis ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 160-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Almir Fajkic ◽  
Orhan Lepara ◽  
Martin Voracek ◽  
Nestor D. Kapusta ◽  
Thomas Niederkrotenthaler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Child And Adolescent ◽  
Youth Suicide ◽  
Southeastern Europe ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Sex And Age Differences

Background: Evidence on youth suicides from Southeastern Europe is scarce. We are not aware of previous reports from Bosnia and Herzegovina, which experienced war from 1992 to 1995. Durkheim’s theory of suicide predicts decreased suicide rates in wartime and increased rates afterward. Aims: To compare child and adolescent suicides in Bosnia and Herzegovina before and after the war. Methods: Data on youth suicide for prewar (1986–90) and postwar (2002–06) periods were analyzed with respect to prevalence, sex and age differences, and suicide methods. Suicide data from 1991 through 2001 were not available. Results: Overall youth suicide rates were one-third lower in the postwar than in the prewar period. This effect was most pronounced for girls, whose postwar suicide rates almost halved, and for 15–19-year-old boys, whose rates decreased by about a one-fourth. Suicides increased among boys aged 14 or younger. Firearm suicides almost doubled proportionally and were the predominant postwar method, while the most common prewar method had been hanging. Conclusions: The findings from this study indicate the need for public education in Bosnia and Herzegovina on the role of firearm accessibility in youth suicide and for instructions on safe storage in households. Moreover, raising societal awareness about suicide risk factors and suicide prevention is needed.

scholarly journals Testing Whether Suicide Capability Has a Dynamic Propensity: The Role of Affect and Arousal on Momentary Fluctuations in Suicide Capability

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyne C. Law ◽  
Michael D. Anestis
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Pain Threshold ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Core Components ◽  
Main Effects

To prevent suicidal behaviors, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms and processes that enable an individual to act on suicidal thoughts. Suicide capability, which involves an increased pain tolerance and fearlessness of death, is a critical factor that enables an individual to endure the physical pain necessary to make a lethal suicide attempt. Extant research has largely conceptualized suicide capability as developing linearly in response to painful and provocative experiences, but the emerging literature on the temporal dynamics of suicide has been challenging the notion of linearity in suicide risk. Few studies have directly measured and compared changes in suicide capability in response to rumination on different affective states. We sought to experimentally test if rumination in the context of low vs. high arousal emotions will prompt distinct changes in two core components of suicide capability: pain tolerance and fearlessness of death on two undergraduate student samples. In both studies, participants provided measures of subjective emotional state as well as pain threshold, tolerance, and persistence before and after completing experimental manipulations which included both emotion and rumination induction procedures. In the second study, measures of fearlessness about death and physiological arousal (heart rate) were added to the experimental procedures. We found significant decreases in pain threshold, tolerance, and persistence following the experimental manipulations but found no main effects of rumination or suicide risk. These findings suggest that suicide capability can fluctuate but these changes may occur through a different mechanism and/or differ between individuals at varying levels of suicide risk.

scholarly journals PERFECCIONISMO INFANTIL: DIFERENCIAS EN FUNCIÓN DEL SEXO Y LA EDAD

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Vicent ◽  
M. P. Aparicio Flores ◽  
Cándido J. Inglés ◽  
Mª Isabel Gómez-Núñez ◽  
Aitana Fernández-Sogorb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Child And Adolescent ◽  
Practical Relevance ◽  
Education Students ◽  
Significant Interaction Effect ◽  
Socially Prescribed Perfectionism ◽  
Educación Primaria ◽  
Sex And Age Differences

Abstract. CHILD PERFECTIONISM: DIFFERENCES ACROSS SEX AND AGE The aim of this study was to analyze the sex and age differences in the levels of child perfectionism, considering the dimensions: Socially Prescribed Perfectionism (SPP), Self-Oriented Perfectionism Criticism (SOP-C) and Self-Oriented Perfectionism Strivings (SOP-S). The sample was composed by 804 Primary Education students from Spain, aged between 8 and 11 years old (Mage = 9.57; SD = 1.12). The Spanish version of the Child and Adolescent Perfectionism Scale was used to assess the perfectionist dimensions. The results of the variance analysis revealed statistically significant differences in favor of males for SOP-C and SOP-S dimensions. However, these differences had no practical relevance because their associated magnitude (d index) were below .20. Similarly, no statistically significant differences were observed across age for perfectionist dimensions. Moreover, a significant interaction effect (sex x age) was not found.Keywords: child perfectionism, sex, age, Child and Adolescent Perfectionism Scale, Primary Education.Resumen.El objetivo de este estudio consistió en analizar las diferencias en función del sexo y la edad en los niveles de perfeccionismo infantil, atendiendo a las dimensiones: Perfeccionismo Socialmente Prescrito (PSP), Perfeccionismo Auto-Orientado Críticas (PAO-C) y Perfeccionismo Auto-Orientado Esfuerzos (PAO-E). La muestra se compuso de 804 alumnos españoles de Educación Primaria con edades comprendidas entre 8 y 11 años (Medad = 9.57; SD = 1.12). Las dimensiones perfeccionistas fueron evaluadas a través de la versión española de la Child and Adolescent Perfectionism Scale. Los resultados del análisis de varianza revelaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en favor de los varones para las dimensiones PAO-C y PAO-E. Sin embargo, dichas diferencias carecieron de relevancia práctica puesto que la magnitud asociada (índice d) fue inferior a .20. Similarmente, no se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en función de la edad para ninguna de las dimensiones perfeccionistas ni se encontró un efecto de interacción (sexo x edad) significativo.Palabras clave: perfeccionismo infantil, sexo, edad, Child and Adolescent Perfectionism Scale, Educación Primaria

scholarly journals (A Literature Review) Re-examining issues behind the loss of family and cultural and the impact on Aboriginal youth suicide rates

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristine Morris
Keyword(s):  
Child Welfare ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Youth Suicide ◽  
Aboriginal Youth ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
The Impact

This paper examines child welfare issues in relation to the impact of cultural loss and/or lack of cultural identity and its correlation with suicide risk among young Aboriginal persons.

Suicide rates in Lusaka, Zambia: preliminary observations

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. C. Rwegellera
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Precipitating Factors ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
The Past ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Male Female Ratio ◽  
Physical Diseases

SynopsisThe records of all suicides and of all open verdicts in Lusaka (Zambia) over a 5-year period (1967–1971) were studied. The following suicide rates (per 100000 of the population per annum) were found: 7·4 for all races; 11·3 for men of all races; 3·0 for women of all races; 6·9 for all African residents; 11·2 for African males; 2·2 for African females; 12·8 for all Africans above the age of 14 years; 20·9 for all European residents; 20·7 for all European males; 21·0 for all European females. The male: female ratio among the Africans was 5:1. There was a tendency for the suicide rate among the Africans to rise with age. Differences in suicide rates between African and European residents were found not to be statistically significant. Though hanging was by far the most commonly used method of suicide by Africans, Europeans and ‘doubtful suicides’ among Africans preferred other methods to a statistically significant degree. It is suggested that the role of other methods in African suicides may well have been underestimated in the past. No definite seasonal variation in suicide rates was found. Domestic quarrels, mental illness and physical diseases would appear to be some of the important precipitating factors of suicide in Lusaka. It is also suggested that the question of whether or not suicide is rare in Africans cannot be answered until such time as when reliable figures are available in Africa.

Suicide in paradise: aftermath of the Bali bombings

2008 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 1317-1323 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. K. Suryani ◽  
A. Page ◽  
C. B. J. Lesmana ◽  
M. Jennaway ◽  
I. D. G. Basudewa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Psychological Consequences ◽  
Collective Guilt ◽  
Fourfold Increase ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Male Suicide ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Relationship

BackgroundThe relationship between the Bali (Indonesia) bombings of October 2002 and suicide has not previously been investigated, despite anecdotal evidence of the economic and psychological consequences of these attacks.MethodSuicide rates were calculated over the period 1994–2006 in three Bali regencies to determine whether suicide increased in the period following the first Bali bombings. Poisson regression and time-series models were used to assess the change in suicide rates by sex, age and area in the periods before and after October 2002.ResultsSuicide rates (age-adjusted) increased in males from an average of 2.84 (per 100 000) in the period pre-2002 to 8.10 in the period post-2002, and for females from 1.51 to 3.68. The greatest increases in suicide in the post-2002 period were in the age groups 20–29 and ⩾60 years, for both males and females. Tourist arrivals fell significantly after the bombings, and addition of tourism to models reduced relative risk estimates of suicide, suggesting that some of the increase may be attributable to the socio-economic effects of declines in tourism.ConclusionsThere was an almost fourfold increase in male suicide risk and a threefold increase in female suicide risk in the period following the 2002 bombings in Bali. Trends in tourism did not account for most of the observed increases. Other factors such as indirect socio-economic effects and Balinese notions of collective guilt and anxieties relating to ritual neglect are important in understanding the rise in suicide in the post-2002 period.

Suicide in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the City of Sarajevo

Crisis ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-50
Author(s):  
Emina Music ◽  
Lars Jacobsson ◽  
Ellinor Salander Renberg
Keyword(s):  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Suicide Method ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Bosnian War ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Female Suicide Rate ◽  
War Experience ◽  
The City ◽  
Male To Female

Background: Besides the war experience (1992–1995), Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) constitutes an interesting area for studies on suicidal behavior from an ethnic and religious perspective with its mixed ethnic population of Bosniaks, Serbs, and Croats. Aims: The study investigates suicide in BiH and the capital city of Sarajevo before (1985–1991) and after the war (1998–2006), with special reference to gender and ethnicity. Method: Official suicide data were gathered for the two periods with regard to gender, ethnicity, and suicide methods used. Results: No differences in suicide rates were found in BiH and Sarajevo before and after the war. The male-to-female suicide rate ratio in BiH was significantly higher after the war than before the war, with an opposite tendency seen in Sarajevo. Before and after the war, the highest and stable suicide rates were among Serbs in BiH. In Sarajevo the highest suicide rates were found among Croats after the war. Hanging was the most common suicide method used, both before and after the war, while firearms were more commonly used after the war. Poisoning was a rarely used method in both periods. Conclusion: The stable suicide rates in BiH over the pre- and postwar periods indicate no evident influence of the Bosnian war on the postwar level of suicide rates, except for women in Sarajevo. Beside this exception, the findings indicate a long-established underlying pattern in suicide rates that was not immediately changed, even by war. The study supports earlier findings that the accessibility of means influences the choice of suicide method used.

Staring Down Death

Crisis ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 212-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Joiner ◽  
Melanie A. Hom ◽  
Megan L. Rogers ◽  
Carol Chu ◽  
Ian H. Stanley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Clinical Utility ◽  
Blink Rate ◽  
Specific Task ◽  
Careful Planning ◽  
Eye Blink ◽  
Eye Blinks ◽  
Potential Clinical Utility ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Background: Lowered eye blink rate may be a clinically useful indicator of acute, imminent, and severe suicide risk. Diminished eye blink rates are often seen among individuals engaged in heightened concentration on a specific task that requires careful planning and attention. Indeed, overcoming one’s biological instinct for survival through suicide necessitates premeditation and concentration; thus, a diminished eye blink rate may signal imminent suicidality. Aims: This article aims to spur research and clinical inquiry into the role of eye blinks as an indicator of acute suicide risk. Method: Literature relevant to the potential connection between eye blink rate and suicidality was reviewed and synthesized. Results: Anecdotal, cognitive, neurological, and conceptual support for the relationship between decreased blink rate and suicide risk is outlined. Conclusion: Given that eye blinks are a highly observable behavior, the potential clinical utility of using eye blink rate as a marker of suicide risk is immense. Research is warranted to explore the association between eye blink rate and acute suicide risk.

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