Empathizing via Mimicry Depends on Whether Emotional Expressions Are Seen as Real

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 342-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariëlle Stel ◽  
Roos Vonk
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Emotional Contagion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Main Character ◽  
Social Functions ◽  
The Social

The present studies investigated whether mimicry effects on empathizing depend on whether emotional expressions are seen as acted or real. In Study 1, participants saw a fragment from a reality “soap.” Half of them received an instruction to imitate facial expressions of the main character, while the other half were instructed not to imitate. Participants caught more emotions and reported more perspective-taking (taking the perspective of the target) when imitating expressions. However, among participants who assumed that the emotions were acted, imitation affected emotional contagion, but not perspective-taking. These effects were replicated in Study 2, in which we manipulated whether emotions were perceived as real. In the Discussion, these findings are linked to the social functions of imitation and to the automaticity of emotional contagion.

KONSEP DIRI “ I “ DAN “ME” TOKOH HIROKO DALAM NOVEL NAMAKU HIROKO KARYA NH.DINI

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Besin Gaspar
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Main Character ◽  
Fictional Character ◽  
Social Customs ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Village ◽  
The City

This research deals with the development of  self concept of Hiroko as the main character in Namaku Hiroko by Nh. Dini and tries to identify how Hiroko is portrayed in the story, how she interacts with other characters and whether she is portrayed as a character dominated by ”I” element or  ”Me”  element seen  from sociological and cultural point of view. As a qualitative research in nature, the source of data in this research is the novel Namaku Hiroko (1967) and the data ara analyzed and presented deductively. The result of this analysis shows that in the novel, Hiroko as a fictional character is  portrayed as a girl whose personality  develops and changes drastically from ”Me”  to ”I”. When she was still in the village  l iving with her parents, she was portrayed as a obedient girl who was loyal to the parents, polite and acted in accordance with the social customs. In short, her personality was dominated by ”Me”  self concept. On the other hand, when she moved to the city (Kyoto), she was portrayed as a wild girl  no longer controlled by the social customs. She was  firm and determined totake decisions of  her won  for her future without considering what other people would say about her. She did not want to be treated as object. To put it in another way, her personality is more dominated by the ”I” self concept.

scholarly journals The face is not an empty canvas: how facial expressions interact with facial appearance

2009 ◽  
Vol 364 (1535) ◽  
pp. 3497-3504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ursula Hess ◽  
Reginald B. Adams ◽  
Robert E. Kleck
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Facial Appearance ◽  
Social Signals ◽  
Facial Movement ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Face ◽  
The One ◽  
Signalling Systems

Faces are not simply blank canvases upon which facial expressions write their emotional messages. In fact, facial appearance and facial movement are both important social signalling systems in their own right. We here provide multiple lines of evidence for the notion that the social signals derived from facial appearance on the one hand and facial movement on the other interact in a complex manner, sometimes reinforcing and sometimes contradicting one another. Faces provide information on who a person is. Sex, age, ethnicity, personality and other characteristics that can define a person and the social group the person belongs to can all be derived from the face alone. The present article argues that faces interact with the perception of emotion expressions because this information informs a decoder's expectations regarding an expresser's probable emotional reactions. Facial appearance also interacts more directly with the interpretation of facial movement because some of the features that are used to derive personality or sex information are also features that closely resemble certain emotional expressions, thereby enhancing or diluting the perceived strength of particular expressions.

scholarly journals The Effect of Personality on Interpersonal Power and Power Distance of Employees of MRF Tyres Ltd. – Kottayam

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2S3) ◽  
pp. 427-430
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationship ◽  
Power Distance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Statistical Tools ◽  
The Social ◽  
Interpersonal Power ◽  
High Dominance ◽  
Process Interaction

Fundamentally every society is made up of individuals and groups who have interaction among them. In the process interaction, power turns out to be the force that keeps the social relationship going. Though there can be various types and levels of interactions, all will have power at the base of it all. Possession of power certainly changes individuals for good or bad. But obviously it happens. Power enables the individuals to make proper decisions provided one is capable of handling power properly. What makes an individual to handle power properly is one’s personality. For, it certainly influences the thinking pattern, emotional expressions and deeds. Hierarchy is part and parcel of a society. Here employees with high dominance of power sustain hierarchy. Due to this there occurs opportunities for interpersonal power and power distancing. Power distancing will certainly occur for those employees who find themselves with less power or with more power than the others. Interpersonal power also will occur among the individuals of the society when they are able to influence the other with their positive utilization of power. Here the study that is undertaken with the title the effect of personality on interpersonal power and power distance of employees of MRF Tyre Ltd, Kottayam, is an effort to find the effect of personality on interpersonal power and power distance. It helps to analyze if personality is related to interpersonal power, is there a relationship between personality and power distance and to see if there is any intervention of interpersonal power between personality and power distance. The methodology used will be a descriptive one. Questionnaire and interviews were used to collect data and various statistical tools will be used to analyze the data. Findings are placed after that with a conclusion suggesting to utilize the power for the welfare of the society and its growth.

Shared attention amplifies the processing of emotional faces

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arianna Schiano Lomoriello ◽  
Mattia Doro ◽  
Paola Sessa ◽  
Ivana Konvalinka
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Subjective Perception ◽  
Neural Processing ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Shared Attention ◽  
The Social ◽  
Early Posterior Negativity ◽  
Shared Context

Previous studies have shown that sharing an experience, without communicating, affects people’s subjective perception of the experience, often by intensifying it. However, the effect of shared experience on the underlying neural processing of information is not well understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying shared attention by implementing a dual- EEG study where participants were required to attend to and judge the intensity of neutral, angry and happy faces, simultaneously or independently. In order to study whether the presence of another individual modulates an individual's perception and processing of facial expressions, we implemented three experimental conditions: 1) participants performed the task alone, in the absence of a social context (unshared condition), 2) participants performed the task simultaneously next to each other in pairs, without receiving feedback about the other participant's responses (shared no feedback) and 3) participants performed the task simultaneously while receiving the feedback (shared with feedback). We focused on two face-sensitive ERP components: the N170 and the Early Posterior Negativity (EPN). We found that the amplitude of the N170 was greater in the shared with feedback condition compared to the other conditions, reflecting a top-down effect of shared attention on the structural encoding of faces, irrespective of valence. In addition, the EPN was significantly greater in both shared context conditions compared to the unshared condition, reflecting an enhanced attention allocation in the processing of emotional content of faces, modulated by the social context. Behaviourally, we found a modulation on the perceived intensity of the neutral faces only when participants received the feedback of the other person’s ratings, by amplifying the perceived neutrality of faces. Taken together, these results suggest that shared attention amplifies the neural processing of faces, regardless of the valence of facial expressions.

scholarly journals Effects of Mask Use and Race on Face Perception, Emotion Recognition, and Social Distancing During the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evrim Gulbetekin
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Recognition ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Face Perception ◽  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Recognition Of Facial Expressions ◽  
Race Effect ◽  
The Social

Abstract This investigation used three experiments to test the effect of mask use and other-race effect (ORE) on face perception in three contexts: (a) face recognition, (b) recognition of facial expressions, and (c) social distance. The first, which involved a matching-to-sample paradigm, tested Caucasian subjects with either masked or unmasked faces using Caucasian and Asian samples. The participants exhibited the best performance in recognizing an unmasked face condition and the poorest when asked to recognize a masked face that they had seen earlier without a mask. Accuracy was also poorer for Asian faces than Caucasian faces. The second experiment presented Asian or Caucasian faces having different emotional expressions, with and without masks. The results for this task, which involved identifying which emotional expression the participants had seen on the presented face, indicated that emotion recognition performance decreased for faces portrayed with masks. The emotional expressions ranged from the most accurately to least accurately recognized as follows: happy, neutral, disgusted, and fearful. Emotion recognition performance was poorer for Asian stimuli compared to Caucasian. Experiment 3 used the same participants and stimuli and asked participants to indicate the social distance they would prefer to observe with each pictured person. The participants preferred a wider social distance with unmasked faces compared to masked faces. Social distance also varied by the portrayed emotion: ranging from farther to closer as follows: disgusted, fearful, neutral, and happy. Race was also a factor; participants preferred wider social distance for Asian compared to Caucasian faces. Altogether, our findings indicated that during the COVID-19 pandemic face perception and social distance were affected by mask use, ORE.

Gift-giving in the great traditions: the case of donations to monasteries in the medieval West

1995 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilana F. Silber
Keyword(s):  
Symbolic Dynamics ◽  
Gift Exchange ◽  
The Other ◽  
Western World ◽  
Gift Giving ◽  
Social Functions ◽  
Religious Orientations ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Gift ◽  
The Impact

Focusing upon donations to monasteries in the medieval Western world, this paper expands upon extant discussions of religious gift-giving in the ‘great traditions’ , and of its relation to more archaic forms of gift-exchange, hitherto largely based on non-Western and mostly Asian anthropological material. While displaying many of the social functions familiarly associated with the gift in archaic or primitive societies, donations to monasteries are shown to have also entailed a process of immobilisation of wealth not extant in the gift circuit of ‘simpler’ societies. While donations to monasteries clearly attested to the impact of otber-wordly religious orientations, they also entailed a range of symbolic dynamics very different from, and even incompatible with, those analysed by Jonathan Parry with regard to the other-wordly ‘pure’ gift. The paper then brings into relief the precise constellation of ideological ‘gift-theory’, socio-economic ‘gift-circuit’, and macrosocietal context, which enabled this specific variant of the gift-mechanism to operate as a ‘total’ social phenomenon in the two senses of that term suggested, though not clearly distinguished and equally not developed, in Mauss’ pathbreaking essay on the gift.

scholarly journals Investigating the occurrence of selfie-based emotional contagion over social network

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wataru Sasaki ◽  
Yuuki Nishiyama ◽  
Tadashi Okoshi ◽  
Jin Nakazawa
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Social Networking ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Online Communication ◽  
Emotional Contagion ◽  
Past Research ◽  
User Studies ◽  
The Social ◽  
Network Media ◽  
In The Wild

AbstractHappiness is obviously one of the most fundamental essence that affects many aspects of our lives. Past research found that happiness of one person affects that of other people. What occurs under this propagation of emotion is called “emotional contagion,” a phenomenon wherein through perception, people experience the same emotion expressed by someone when communicating with them. Although online communication is increasing due to growth of mobile computing, emotional contagion on online communication is not well studied yet. Particularly, it is not yet clear if emotional contagion among people occurs through selfie photographs posted on the social network media. We implemented “SmileWave,” the social networking system for investigating selfie-based emotional contagion. The key feature of SmileWave is detecting “smile degree” in user’s posting selfies and in reactive facial expressions when the user is viewing the posted photographs from others. Our in-the-wild user studies with 38 participants for 2 weeks revealed the occurrence of selfie-based emotional contagion over the social network, based on the results that the users’ smile degree improved (15% on average) when the user looked at posted selfie photographs.

Differential Neural Correlates of Dimensions of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia During Social-emotional Appraisal and Effects of Treatment

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S40-S41
Author(s):  
A. Aleman
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Symptom Dimensions ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
The Social ◽  
Emotional Appraisal

Factor analyses of large datasets have established two dimensions of negative symptoms: expressive deficits and a motivation. This distinction is of relevance as the dimensions differ in their cognitive and clinical correlates (e.g. with regard to functional outcome). Using functional MRI, we examined the neural correlates of the two negative symptom dimensions with brain activation during social-emotional evaluation. Patients with schizophrenia (n = 38) and healthy controls (n = 20) performed the Wall of Faces task during fMRI, which measures emotional ambiguity in a social context by presenting an array of faces with varying degrees of consistency in emotional expressions. More specifically, appraisal of facial expressions under uncertainty. We found severity of expressive deficits to be negatively correlated with activation in thalamic, prefrontal, precentral, parietal and temporal brain areas during emotional ambiguity (appraisal of facial expressions in an equivocal versus an unequivocal condition). No association was found for a motivation with these neural correlates, in contrast to a previous fMRI study in which we found a motivation to be associated with neural correlates of executive (planning) performance. We also evaluated the effects of medication and neurostimulation (rTMS treatment over the lateral prefrontal cortex) on activation during the social–emotional ambiguity task. The medication comparison concerned an RCT of aripiprazole versus risperidone. Compared to risperidone, aripiprazole showed differential involvement of frontotemporal and frontostriatal circuits in social-emotional ambiguity. We conclude that deconstruction of negative symptoms into more homogeneous components and investigating underlying neurocognitive mechanisms can potentially shed more light on their nature and may ultimately yield clues for targeted treatment.Disclosure of interestAA received speaker fees from Lundbeck.

scholarly journals Facial Mimicry and Social Context Affect Smile Interpretation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Orlowska ◽  
Magdalena Rychlowska ◽  
Piotr Szarota ◽  
Eva Krumhuber
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Context Information ◽  
Verbal Information ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Emotional Displays ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Impact

Theoretical accounts and empirical research suggest that people use various sources of information, including sensorimotor simulation and social context, while judging emotional displays. However, the evidence on how those factors can interplay is limited. The present research tested whether social context information has a greater impact on perceivers’ smile judgments when mimicry is experimentally restricted. In Study 1, participants watched images of affiliative smiles presented with verbal descriptions of situations associated with happiness or politeness. Half the participants could freely move their faces while rating the extent to which the smiles communicated affiliation, whereas for the other half mimicry was restricted via a pen-in-mouth procedure. As predicted, smiles were perceived as more affiliative when the social context was polite than when it was happy. Importantly, the effect of context information was significantly larger among participants who could not freely mimic the facial expressions. Study 2 replicated these findings, thereby controlling for empathy and mood, and showed that social context also influences smile discrimination. Together, the findings extend the evidence on the role of verbal information in the interpretation of facial expressions and suggest that mimicry importantly modulates the impact of social context information on smile perception.

scholarly journals The Social Identity Change of Little Bee as the Main Character in Chris Cleave’s The Other Hand

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Riska Hendika Rani
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Internet ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Identity Change ◽  
Main Character ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Social ◽  
Research Findings

<p><strong>This research examines Little Bee’s social identity change based on Chris Cleave’s novel entitled <em>the Other Hand. </em>The object of this research focuses on the Little Bee’s social identity change. The method used in this research is critical reading. To collect the data, the researcher did some steps including reading the novel closely and intensively, making notes, visiting library, and exploring the data from the internet which are related to the topic. In analyzing the data, the researcher used descriptive qualitative method.</strong></p><strong>After conducting the research, the researcher got several research findings. They are: 1). The reason of Little Bee’s social identity change are her envy towards British people’s easy life, her needs to tell her sad story, her will to survive, and her desire to overcome her past. 2). The way Little Bee learns her new identity is by reading, such as novels and newspaper, practicing how to pronounce and speak, looking for difficult words in her dictionary in order to learn the language, and learning the British life by watching television and reading books to understand the British lifestyle.</strong>

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