Shared attention amplifies the processing of emotional faces

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arianna Schiano Lomoriello ◽  
Mattia Doro ◽  
Paola Sessa ◽  
Ivana Konvalinka
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Subjective Perception ◽  
Neural Processing ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Shared Attention ◽  
The Social ◽  
Early Posterior Negativity ◽  
Shared Context

Previous studies have shown that sharing an experience, without communicating, affects people’s subjective perception of the experience, often by intensifying it. However, the effect of shared experience on the underlying neural processing of information is not well understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying shared attention by implementing a dual- EEG study where participants were required to attend to and judge the intensity of neutral, angry and happy faces, simultaneously or independently. In order to study whether the presence of another individual modulates an individual's perception and processing of facial expressions, we implemented three experimental conditions: 1) participants performed the task alone, in the absence of a social context (unshared condition), 2) participants performed the task simultaneously next to each other in pairs, without receiving feedback about the other participant's responses (shared no feedback) and 3) participants performed the task simultaneously while receiving the feedback (shared with feedback). We focused on two face-sensitive ERP components: the N170 and the Early Posterior Negativity (EPN). We found that the amplitude of the N170 was greater in the shared with feedback condition compared to the other conditions, reflecting a top-down effect of shared attention on the structural encoding of faces, irrespective of valence. In addition, the EPN was significantly greater in both shared context conditions compared to the unshared condition, reflecting an enhanced attention allocation in the processing of emotional content of faces, modulated by the social context. Behaviourally, we found a modulation on the perceived intensity of the neutral faces only when participants received the feedback of the other person’s ratings, by amplifying the perceived neutrality of faces. Taken together, these results suggest that shared attention amplifies the neural processing of faces, regardless of the valence of facial expressions.

scholarly journals Facial Mimicry and Social Context Affect Smile Interpretation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Orlowska ◽  
Magdalena Rychlowska ◽  
Piotr Szarota ◽  
Eva Krumhuber
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Context Information ◽  
Verbal Information ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Emotional Displays ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Impact

Theoretical accounts and empirical research suggest that people use various sources of information, including sensorimotor simulation and social context, while judging emotional displays. However, the evidence on how those factors can interplay is limited. The present research tested whether social context information has a greater impact on perceivers’ smile judgments when mimicry is experimentally restricted. In Study 1, participants watched images of affiliative smiles presented with verbal descriptions of situations associated with happiness or politeness. Half the participants could freely move their faces while rating the extent to which the smiles communicated affiliation, whereas for the other half mimicry was restricted via a pen-in-mouth procedure. As predicted, smiles were perceived as more affiliative when the social context was polite than when it was happy. Importantly, the effect of context information was significantly larger among participants who could not freely mimic the facial expressions. Study 2 replicated these findings, thereby controlling for empathy and mood, and showed that social context also influences smile discrimination. Together, the findings extend the evidence on the role of verbal information in the interpretation of facial expressions and suggest that mimicry importantly modulates the impact of social context information on smile perception.

Post-Yugoslav Serbian Literature and Its Roots in the Social and Political Changes

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-118
Author(s):  
Milan Orlić
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cultural Discourse ◽  
World Language ◽  
Cultural Paradigms ◽  
The Social ◽  
Post Modernism ◽  
The World ◽  
Socialist Realist ◽  
The One

Post-Yugoslav literature and culture came out of the stylistic formations of Yugoslav modernism and postmodernism, in the context of European cultural discourse. Yugoslav literature, which spans the existence of “two” Yugoslavias, the “first” Yugoslavia (1928–1941) and the “second” socialist Yugoslavia (1945–1990), is the foundation of various national literary and cultural paradigms, which shared the same or similar historical, philosophical and aesthetic roots. These were fed, on the one hand, by a phenomenological understanding of the world, language, style and culture, and on the other, by an acceptance of or resistance to the socialist realist aesthetics and ideological values of socialist Yugoslav society. In selected examples of contemporary Serbian prose, the author explores the social context, which has shaped contemporary Serbian literature, focusing on its roots in Serbian and Yugoslav 20th century (post)modernism.

scholarly journals The man of Ernest J. Gaines' novelistic universe: between emasculation and self-assertion

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 5330-5335
Author(s):  
Touré Bassamanan
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Expectations ◽  
Male Domination ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Social ◽  
The One

This paper highlights the different layers of meaning that characterize the notion of manhood in Gaines’ fiction. The quest for manhood represents an imperative for the frustrated men in the framework of the social context wherein they are emasculated. Here, manhood should be grasped through a binary paradigm. On the one hand, the expression of manhood equates with male domination and violence. On the other hand, due to social expectations, manhood refers to the struggle for freedom. It undermines the white racial superiority and it claims blacks’ humanity. Manhood fosters humanistic principles. Thus, it takes on a universal dimension.

scholarly journals Neural Processing of Other-Race Faces as a Function of Racial Familiarity: A P300 Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.22) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Tai Yan Shan ◽  
Faruque Reza ◽  
Tahamina Begum ◽  
Nasir Yusoff
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
The Other ◽  
P300 Amplitude ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Neural Processing ◽  
Oddball Task ◽  
The Social ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Cognition Model

Background: The other-race categorisation advantage (ORCA) is a well-established phenomenon, whereby other-race faces are categorised faster than own race faces. Objectives: This study investigated whether extraverts would demonstrate an ORCA-like effect toward unfamiliar other-race faces and familiar other-race faces in a modified oddball and choice reaction paradigm.  Methods: This event-related potential (ERP) study employed a repeated measures experimental design with one independent variable (racial familiarity) and three levels (familiar other-race/Malay faces, unfamiliar other-race/African faces, control group/furniture photos). In the oddball task, African faces and Malay faces were the target stimuli and furniture photos were the standard stimuli. Electroencephalography data (EEG) was collected during the oddball task, from which ERP components were derived. Results: The reaction time (RT) for African and Malay faces were not significantly different.  Significant effect of racial familiarity on P300 latencies at all electrode sites was not observed.  However, there was a significant effect of racial familiarity on P300 amplitudes at midline electrodes (Cz).  It was also observed that the P300 amplitude was larger for African faces than Malay faces at midline electrodes (Cz). Conclusion: An ORCA-like effect was not found in categorisation tasks involving faces from a familiar and an unfamiliar other-race, but a larger P300 amplitude was evoked by African faces. This dissociation between RT and P300 amplitude provided important theoretical implications with regard to models associated with ORCA. Specifically, the current findings lent support to the social cognition model and the Categorisation-Individuation Model (CIM).

Both 'One' and 'Other': Environmental Cosmopolitanism and the Politics of Hybridity in Costa Rica

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Johnson ◽  
Suzanne Clisby
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Small Group ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World

Cosmopolitans are frequently characterized as living and perceiving the world and their environment from a distance. Drawing on ethnographic work among a small group of Western migrants in Costa Rica, we complicate this portrayal in a number of ways. First, we demonstrate that these people think in similar kinds of ways as social theorists: they too are worried about living at a distance from place and are seeking what is, in their way of reckoning, a more engaged relationship with their surroundings. Second, however, we explore the social context and corollaries of these migrants' attempts to bring together a putatively "modern/cosmopolitan" way of relating to place and a "traditional/place-based" way of relating to surroundings. Specifically, we demonstrate how migrant claims to transcend the differences between "tradition" and "modernity" create new forms of social exclusion as they, both literally and figuratively, come to claim the place of "the other."

The Social Context of Luke's Community

1994 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halvor Moxnes
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Urban Culture ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Ethnically Diverse ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
The Social ◽  
The One

Apparently, the social situation in which Luke's community lived was that of an urban setting in the Eastern Mediterranean. This situation was shaped by the honor and patronage culture of the Hellenistic city. At the heart of the Lukan community's ethos lay its common meals. The purpose of these meals was dual: On the one hand, they forged a common identity for a socially and ethnically diverse group of Christians; on the other hand, they functioned as a criticism of urban culture.

scholarly journals Seeking Asylum, Speaking Silence

Barnboken ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen King
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Social Context ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Social Phenomenon ◽  
Trauma Narratives ◽  
Trauma Narrative ◽  
National Centre ◽  
The Social ◽  
Socially Situated

“How could she ever put those terrible pictures into words?” (Naidoo, Truth 51). This question is at the heart of Beverley Naidoo’s The Other Side of Truth (2000), which narrates the trauma of Nigerian asylum seeker children Sade and Femi as they flee to Britain. Speech and silence are ambivalent within the text, fluctuating in meaning dependant on the social context in which they are enacted. Showing this text to be primarily a narrative of activism, I explore how Naidoo’s representations of trauma inform her critique of the British immigration system. This text invites a reading that draws on recent postcolonial theories of trauma. Using both textual and paratextual analysis of the novel and Naidoo’s archive, held by Seven Stories: The National Centre for Children’s Books in Britain, I draw on Forter’s model of psychosocial trauma to demonstrate that the trauma the protagonists face is a result of their encounter with a racist society and bureaucracy. Reflecting Kertzer’s claim that social justice should be central in trauma narratives for children, Naidoo shows healing from trauma to be the locus of political awakening for both characters and implied reader. The aim of this article is to integrate contemporary models of postcolonial trauma with an understanding of the activist nature of Naidoo’s work, showing that in this sort of children’s trauma narrative, the site of healing from trauma is simultaneously the site of social change. Since the trauma that the child protagonists face is a social phenomenon, the speech that allows the children to begin to heal is similarly socially situated, and their healing is synonymous with social justice.

Punishing Bodies: British Prison Film and the Spectacle of Masculinity

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario Llinares
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Real World ◽  
The Other ◽  
Male Body ◽  
The Social ◽  
British Cinema ◽  
Sociology Of Punishment ◽  
The One

Prison films are beset by a fundamental paradox. Because mainstream film is reliant on a combination of the pleasure of the visual and the dramatic structuring of narrative, institutionalised incarceration based on the loss of liberty, extended temporal control and physical spatial restriction would seem to be fundamentally at odds with ‘the cinematic’. Prison as depicted on-screen is therefore a space in which visibly enacted retribution is foregrounded in a mode much more akin to what Foucault calls the pre-modern ‘theatres of torture’. The routinised banality of day-to-day life behind bars is eschewed in favour of the spectacle of the masculine body punishing or being violently punished. British cinema is replete with films set in prison, however, as the first part of this article explores, and academic analyses of such films are formulated around three discursive strands: debates around the constitution of the prison film as a genre, discussions of the potential relationship between cinematic representations and the ‘real-world’ sociology of punishment, and assertions about how national identity is reflected. The second part of this article deploys a comparative analysis of Nicolas Winding Refn's Bronson (2008) and Steve McQueen's Hunger (2008), examining what is often taken for granted in previous work, namely how the environment of incarceration is produced as an aesthetic, social and even ontological space that contextualises and materialises a link between masculinity, violence and spectacle. I argue that the microcosm of the prison, on the one hand, reasserts the male body as the root of physical ‘being-ness’, yet on the other, reveals masculinity as a constructed performance determined by the social context of incarceration and amplified through cinematic aesthetics.

Empathizing via Mimicry Depends on Whether Emotional Expressions Are Seen as Real

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 342-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariëlle Stel ◽  
Roos Vonk
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Emotional Contagion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Main Character ◽  
Social Functions ◽  
The Social

The present studies investigated whether mimicry effects on empathizing depend on whether emotional expressions are seen as acted or real. In Study 1, participants saw a fragment from a reality “soap.” Half of them received an instruction to imitate facial expressions of the main character, while the other half were instructed not to imitate. Participants caught more emotions and reported more perspective-taking (taking the perspective of the target) when imitating expressions. However, among participants who assumed that the emotions were acted, imitation affected emotional contagion, but not perspective-taking. These effects were replicated in Study 2, in which we manipulated whether emotions were perceived as real. In the Discussion, these findings are linked to the social functions of imitation and to the automaticity of emotional contagion.

scholarly journals Muamma (conundrum) of Riba (Interest and Usury) in Major Religions in General and Islam in Particular

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 4438-4443
Author(s):  
Dr Ahmad Khalid Khan ◽  
Dr Omar Abdullah Al Aboud ◽  
Dr. Syed Mohammad Faisal
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Jewish Law ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Social Fabric ◽  
Limited Knowledge ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Social ◽  
Human Limitation

Author did courage to undertake this project with his limited knowledge of Religion, therefore, he seek apology in advance with the readers if any mistake has been committed. This paper has no religious relevance rather author has strived to uplift the pride of Interest and rent by making study in different major religion. The paper entitled, “Muamma (conundrum) of Riba (Interest and Usury) in Major Religions in General and Islam in Particular” It is an attempt to study the indication given by the religion that why it is haram. Interest is a very interesting thing; almost in all major religion Riba (Interest and Usury) is Haram including Judaism, however one side in Judaism, the Torah and Talmud encourage the granting of loans if they do not involve interest, on the other hand the halakhah [applicable Jewish law] regarding free loans apply only to loans made to other Jews but it is permissible to make loans with Riba (Interest and Usury) to non-Jews. Yet Riba (Interest and Usury) is Haram in most of the major religion because it disturbs the social fabric, it perturbs the connection which people share, which can facilitate to form an ethnically rich and in a social context cohesive community, Honestly speaking Riba (Interest and Usury) is not only the perpetrator for it, but Riba (Interest and Usury) is one of the cause for it. On the other hand, where the purpose is for utilization when one has for some cause or other gone astray his earnings, to insist a fixed return where no homecoming is produced is frequently considered as iniquitous.  Especially so if the collateral demanded is the house in which the borrower lives or land from the prospect turn out of which he expects to pay back the loan.  All the way through the era, currency providers have used the first type of case to defend their business.  Ironically it is their appliance of it to the second set of circumstances that twisted the ground for the second type of spat.   Nevertheless, by the last part of the thirteenth century a number of causes emerged which greatly destabilized the influence of the Orthodox Church.  In due course, the reformist faction, led by Luther (1483-1546) and Zwingli (1484-1531), approved to the charging of Riba (Interest and Usury) on the entreaty of human limitation

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