Directly and Indirectly Assessed Need for Cognition Differentially Predict Spontaneous and Reflective Information Processing Behavior

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Fleischhauer ◽  
Alexander Strobel ◽  
Anja Strobel
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Personality Assessment ◽  
Temporal Stability ◽  
Need For Cognition ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Indirect Measure ◽  
Indirect Measures ◽  
Important Trait ◽  
High Internal Consistency ◽  
Psychometric Quality

Need for Cognition (NFC) refers to individual differences in intrinsic cognitive motivation and has been proven to be an important trait factor modulating the extent of information processing in social and nonsocial contexts. Given that indirect measures may provide an increment in personality assessment, the present research aimed to further examine the psychometric quality of a newly developed indirect measure of NFC, the NFC Implicit Association Test (NFC-IAT). A sample of 108 individuals conducted the NFC-IAT twice with a retest interval of 4–6 weeks. Additionally, the NFC self-report and three tasks providing indicators of spontaneous and reflective NFC-typical behavior were administered. The NFC-IAT showed high internal consistency as well as comparably good temporal stability. Moreover, it explained variance in NFC-typical behavior that was not captured by the NFC self-report demonstrating that assessing both direct and indirect measure allows predicting a much more comprehensive spectrum of NFC-related behavior.

The Moving-IAT

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 445-452
Author(s):  
Monika Fleischhauer
Keyword(s):  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Personality Assessment ◽  
Block Structure ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Indirect Measures ◽  
Attitude Research ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Implicit Personality ◽  
Single Block ◽  
Psychometric Quality

Abstract. Accumulated evidence suggests that indirect measures such as the Implicit Association Test (IAT) provide an increment in personality assessment explaining behavioral variance over and above self-reports. Likewise, it has been shown that there are several unwanted sources of variance in personality IATs potentially reducing their psychometric quality. For example, there is evidence that individuals use imagery-based facilitation strategies while performing the IAT. That is, individuals actively create mental representations of their person that fit to the category combination in the respective block, but do not necessarily fit to their implicit personality self-concept. A single-block IAT variant proposed by attitude research, where compatible and incompatible trials are presented in one and the same block, may prevent individuals from using such facilitation strategies. Consequently, for the trait need for cognition (NFC), a new single-block IAT version was developed (called Moving-IAT) and tested against the standard IAT for differences in internal consistency and predictive validity in a sample of 126 participants. Although the Moving-IAT showed lower internal consistency, its predictive value for NFC-typical behavior was higher than that of the standard IAT. Given individual’s strategy reports, the single-block structure of the Moving-IAT indeed reduces the likelihood of imagery-based strategies.

scholarly journals Validation of a Self-Report Version of the German Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD Symptoms and Normal Behavior Scale (SWAN-DE-SB)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friederike Blume ◽  
Jan Kuehnhausen ◽  
Lilly Buhr ◽  
Rieke Köpke ◽  
Andreas J. Fallgatter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Normal Behavior ◽  
High Internal Consistency ◽  
Behavior Scale ◽  
Psychometric Quality

While the excellent psychometric quality of the German third-party report version of the Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD Symptoms and Normal Behavior Scale (SWAN-DE) for school-aged children was recently demonstrated, a self-report version employable with adults was not available so far. The present study therefore aimed at developing and validating the SWAN-DE-SB, a self-report version of the SWAN-DE. Based on data obtained from 405 adults, 14 (3.5%) of them with a current ADHD diagnosis, normality, internal consistency, as well as factorial and convergent validity were examined. The SWAN-DE-SB yielded normally distributed scores, high internal consistency, and factorial validity. The scale was shown to discriminate between participants with and without ADHD and to significantly correlate with commonly employed clinical ADHD scales. With the SWAN-DE-SB, we introduce a self-report measure assessing both strengths and weaknesses of ADHD symptoms and normal behavior and demonstrated its excellent psychometric properties.

Associations between Daydreaming Style and Information Processing Predispositions

1986 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Tanaka ◽  
A. T. Panter ◽  
Wayne C. Winborne
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Social Cognition ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Need For Cognition ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Research Tradition ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Common

Various domains of chronic predispositions in information processing have been studied from different perspectives. For example, strict experimentally-based information processing paradigms stem from a different research tradition than daydreaming styles. This study considers the association between these domains by examining the interrelations between two-self report measures of chronic information processing. One measure is the Need for Cognition, developed in the social cognition literature to study individual differences in chronic tendencies to utilize information. The second measure, the Short Imaginal Processes Inventory, is a measure of daydreaming style. Results show that these measures are related. A single bipolar dimension measuring affective/evaluative domains in information processing underlying the common properties of both measures is identified. Extensions of this research to domains in clinical and social psychology are discussed.

Assessing Implicit Cognitive Motivation: Developing and Testing An Implicit Association Test to Measure Need for Cognition

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Fleischhauer ◽  
Anja Strobel ◽  
Sören Enge ◽  
Alexander Strobel
Keyword(s):  
Latent Variable ◽  
Need For Cognition ◽  
Incremental Validity ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Variable Approach ◽  
Indirect Measures ◽  
Cognitive Motivation ◽  
Dissociation Model ◽  
Latent Variable Approach

The personality trait need for cognition (NFC) refers to individual differences in cognitive motivation and has proven to be an extraordinarily useful descriptor and predictor in the context of information processing. So far, NFC has been assessed via self–report. More recent research, however, accentuates the value of indirect measures, as they tap into implicit aspects of the personality self–concept and are assumed to provide incremental validity especially in predicting automatic aspects of behaviour. Therefore, in the present research, different NFC–Implicit Association Tests (IATs) were developed and pretested for psychometric properties. The final version was systematically tested for its predictive validity over and above the direct NFC measure based on a latent variable approach. The results provide evidence for a double dissociation model and suggest the NFC–IAT to exert its predictive value regarding the more spontaneous aspects of NFC–related behaviour, whereas the NFC scale was rather predictive for the more reflective aspects of behaviour. Moreover, the present research contributes to the understanding of construct–unrelated variance in personality IATs and offers valuable information for test development in the realm of personality IATs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

scholarly journals A Multi-Method Multi-Trait Test of the Dual-Attitude Perspective

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoav Bar-Anan ◽  
Michelangelo Vianello
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Attitudes ◽  
The Self ◽  
Model Fit ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Indirect Measure ◽  
Race Politics ◽  
Indirect Measures ◽  
Dual Perspective ◽  
Attitude Model ◽  
Better Than

The dual-attitude perspective posits that it is useful for research and theory to assume two distinct constructs: explicit and implicit attitudes (or automatic and deliberate evaluation). Much evidence supports this perspective but some important tests are missing, casting doubts on studies that relied on the perspective for inference. We used a multi-method multi-trait design to extensively test the validity of the dual perspective. The dataset (N = 24,015) included measurements of attitudes in three domains (race, politics, the self) with seven indirect measures, and at least three self-report measures for each attitude domain. The dual-attitude model fit the data better than a single-attitude model. Six of the seven indirect measures were related to the implicit construct more than to the explicit construct. The evidence supports the dual-attitude perspective, bolsters the validation of six indirect measures, and clears doubts from countless previous studies that used only one indirect measure to draw conclusions about implicit attitudes.

Internal Structure of the Spanish Adaptation of the Eating Disorder Inventory-3

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Elosua ◽  
Alicia López-Jáuregui
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Temporal Stability ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Order Structure ◽  
Eating Disorder Inventory ◽  
High Internal Consistency

In this study the Eating Disorder Inventory-3 was adapted to Spanish and analyzed the internal psychometric properties of the test in a clinical sample of females with eating disorders. The results showed a high internal consistency of the scores as well as high temporal stability. The factor structure of the scale composites was analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis. The results supported the existence of a second-order structure beyond the psychological composites. The second-order factor showed high correlation with the factor related to eating disorders. Overall, the Spanish version of the EDI-3 showed good psychometric qualities in terms of internal consistency, temporal stability and internal structure.

Temporal stability and dynamic convergence of the Personality Assessment Screener in a prison sample.

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-210
Author(s):  
Morgan N. McCredie ◽  
Tiffany N. Truong ◽  
John F. Edens ◽  
Leslie C. Morey
Keyword(s):  
Personality Assessment ◽  
Temporal Stability

scholarly journals A Systematic Review of Self-Report Instruments for the Measurement of Anxiety in Hospitalized Children with Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1911
Author(s):  
Gomolemo Mahakwe ◽  
Ensa Johnson ◽  
Katarina Karlsson ◽  
Stefan Nilsson
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Setting ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Hospitalized Children ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Children With Cancer ◽  
Language Difficulties ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Psychometric Quality ◽  
Communication Challenge

Anxiety has been identified as one of the most severe and long-lasting symptoms experienced by hospitalized children with cancer. Self-reports are especially important for documenting emotional and abstract concepts, such as anxiety. Children may not always be able to communicate their symptoms due to language difficulties, a lack of developmental language skills, or the severity of their illness. Instruments with sufficient psychometric quality and pictorial support may address this communication challenge. The purpose of this review was to systematically search the published literature and identify validated and reliable self-report instruments available for children aged 5–18 years to use in the assessment of their anxiety to ensure they receive appropriate anxiety-relief intervention in hospital. What validated self-report instruments can children with cancer use to self-report anxiety in the hospital setting? Which of these instruments offer pictorial support? Eight instruments were identified, but most of the instruments lacked pictorial support. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Pediatric Quality of Life (PedsQL™) 3.0 Brain Tumor Module and Cancer Module proved to be useful in hospitalized children with cancer, as they provide pictorial support. It is recommended that faces or symbols be used along with the VAS, as pictures are easily understood by younger children. Future studies could include the adaptation of existing instruments in digital e-health tools.

scholarly journals Empathy Measurement in Autistic and Nonautistic Adults: A COSMIN Systematic Literature Review

Assessment ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 107319112096456
Author(s):  
Jessica L. Harrison ◽  
Charlotte L. Brownlow ◽  
Michael J. Ireland ◽  
Adina M. Piovesana
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Support ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Social Differences ◽  
Item Functioning ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Clinical Conditions ◽  
Psychometric Quality

Empathy is essential for social functioning and is relevant to a host of clinical conditions. This COSMIN review evaluated the empirical support for empathy self-report measures used with autistic and nonautistic adults. Given autism is characterized by social differences, it is the subject of a substantial proportion of empathy research. Therefore, this review uses autism as a lens through which to scrutinize the psychometric quality of empathy measures. Of the 19 measures identified, five demonstrated “High-Quality” evidence for “Insufficient” properties and cannot be recommended. The remaining 14 had noteworthy gaps in evidence and require further evaluation before use with either group. Without tests of measurement invariance or differential item functioning, the extent to which observed group differences represent actual trait differences remains unknown. Using autism as a test case highlights an alarming tendency for empathy measures to be used to characterize, and potentially malign vulnerable populations before sufficient validation.

Direct and Indirect Measures of Poverty

1988 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stein Ringen
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Relative Deprivation ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Income Poverty ◽  
Indirect Measure ◽  
Indirect Measures ◽  
Direct Definition ◽  
Logical Line

ABSTRACTPoverty can be defined and measured either directly (in terms of consumption) or indirectly (in terms of income). The relative deprivation concept of poverty is a direct concept; poverty is understood as visible poverty, that is, a low standard of consumption. The income poverty line is an indirect measure; poverty is established as low income. It is argued that recent mainstream poverty research combines a direct definition and an indirect measure. This causes there to be no logical line of deduction between definition and measurement and, along with other problems in the approach, renders the statistics produced invalid.

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